IV. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

IV.
Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing (OFDM)
Introduction
Evolution of Wireless Communication Standards
OFDM
© Tallal Elshabrawy 2
Wireless Communication Channels
From “Wireless Communications” Edfors, Molisch, Tufvesson
 Communications over wireless channels suffer from multi-path

propagation
 Multi-path channels are usually frequency selective
 OFDM supports high data rate communications over frequency
selective channels
Multi-Path Propagation Modeling
Power
Multi-Path
Components
τ0 τ1 τ2 Time
Multi-path results from reflection, diffraction, and scattering off environment

surroundings
Note: The figure above demonstrates the roles of reflection and scattering only on multi-path
Power
Multi-Path
Components
τ0 τ1 τ2 Time
As the mobile receiver (i.e. car) moves in the environment, the strength of each
multi-path component varies
Power
Multi-Path
Components
τ0 τ1 τ2 Time
As the mobile receiver (i.e. car) moves in the environment, the strength of each
multi-path component varies
Multi-Path = Frequency-Selective!
f=0 0.5 0.5

1 1
0.5
1 μs
1 μs
f=1 MHz
1 0.5 0.5 1
0.5
-0.5
-1 1 μs -1
1 μs
f=500 KHz 1
1 0.5 0.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1 1 μs
1 μs
Multi-Path = Frequency-Selective!
h(t) |H(f)|
0.5 0.5 1
f (MHz)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
1 μs
 A multi-path channel treats signals with different

frequencies differently
 A signal composed of multiple frequencies would
be distorted by passing through such channel
Frequency Division & Coherence Bandwidth
Power
Frequency
 Subdivide wideband bandwidth into multiple narrowband sub-

carriers
 Bandwidth of each channel is selected such that each sub-carrier
approximately displays Flat Fading characteristics
 The bandwidth over which the wireless channel is assumed to
display flat fading characteristics is called the coherence
bandwidth
Example Frequency Response for 3G Channel
Power Delay Profile Snapshot for Frequency Response
(Vehicular A Channel Model)
10
9
Resolv Relative Average
8
able Delay Power (dB)
7
Path (nsec)
6
1 0 0.0
H(f)
5
2 310 -1.0
4
3 710 -9.0 3
4 1090 -10.0 2
5 1730 -15.0 1
6 2510 -20.0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency (Hz) x 10
6
Simulation Assumptions
 Rayleigh Fading for each resolvable path
 System Bandwidth = 5 MHz
 Coherence Bandwidth = 540 KHz
 Number of Sub-Carriers = 64
 Sub-Carrier Bandwidth = 78.125 KHz
Example Frequency Response for 3G Channel
Power Delay Profile 10
Snapshot for Frequency Response
(Vehicular A Channel Model)
9
Resolv Relative Average 8

able Delay Power (dB)
7
Path (nsec)
6
1 0 0.0
H(f)
5
2 310 -1.0 4
3 710 -9.0 3
4 1090 -10.0 2
5 1730 -15.0 1
6 2510 -20.0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency (Hz) x 10
6
Simulation Assumptions
 Rayleigh Fading for each resolvable path
 System Bandwidth = 5 MHz
 Coherence Bandwidth = 540 KHz
 Number of Sub-Carriers = 64
 Sub-Carrier Bandwidth = 78.125 KHz
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Binary Transmitting Bandpass

Modulation Demod.
Encoder Filter (f1) Filter (f1)

Modulation Demod.
Encoder Filter (f2) Filter (f2)
Wireless
+ Channel

Modulation Demod.
Encoder Filter (fN) Filter (fN)
© Tallal Elshabrawy
Channel Bandwidth of FDM
Time-Limited Communications Band-Limited Communications
Tx Filter
Rectangular Filter Raised Cosine Filter
TS
Tx Signal in
Time
TS
Tx Signal in 2/TS
Frequency
0 -fc- RS/2 -fc+ RS/2 0 fc- RS/2 fc+ RS/2

-fc fc
Signal
Bandwidth Zero-to-Zero Bandwidth = 2/TS Bandwidth = RS = 1/TS
Orthogonal FDM
Is it possible to find carrier
frequencies f1, f2 … fN such that
TS
 cos  2πf t  cos  2πf t  dt  0

0
i j i  j
1 S 
TS T
0  i 
cos 2πf t cos 2πf 
j t dt  
2  0
 
cos2π fi  f j 
t  cos2π fi f j t dt  

 
   
TS
1  sin2π fi  fj t sin2π fi  fj t 
TS
 
0 cos  2πfit  cos 2πfjt dt  2  2π f  f  2π f  f 
 i  j  i j 
0 
TS
 
1  sin2π fi  f j TS sin2π fi  f j TS   
 
 i 
j i j   
Orthogonal FDM
Is it possible to find carrier
frequencies f1, f2 … fN such that
TS
 cos  2πf t  cos  2πf t  dt  0

0
i j i  j
TS
 
1  sin2π fi  f j TS sin2π fi  f j TS   
 
 i j  i j    
TS
 cos  2πf t  cos  2πf t  dt  0

0
i j

 2π fi  fj TS  nπ  n=1,2,3, .... &  
2π fi  fj TS  mπ m=1,2,3, ....

 fi  fj   n
2TS
n=1,2,3, .... &  f  f   2T
i j
m
m=1,2,3, ....
S
Orthogonality of Sub-Carriers
Ts
The sinusoid signals with 1

frequencies f1, f2, f3, f4 are f1 
2Ts
all mutually orthogonal
over the symbol period Ts f2 
1
Ts
3
f3 
2Ts
2
f4 
Ts
Ts

2Ts
over the symbol period Ts f2 
1
Ts
 πt   2πt 
sin   sin  
 s  s 
T T
 πt   2πt   πt   3πt 
Ts T
s T s
0  Ts   Ts  0  Ts  0  Ts  dt
sin   sin  dt  cos   dt  cos
 sin  πt Ts  sin  3πt Ts  

Ts
 πt   2πt 
Ts
0  Ts   Ts    πt Ts    3πt Ts    0
sin   sin  dt 
 0
Ts

2Ts
over the symbol period Ts 3
f3 
2Ts
 πt   3πt 
 s  s 
T T
 πt   3πt   2πt   4πt 

Ts T
s T s
0  Ts   Ts  0  Ts  0  Ts  dt
 sin  2πt Ts  sin  4πt Ts  

Ts
 πt   3πt 
Ts
0  Ts   Ts    2πt Ts    4πt Ts    0
 0
Ts

2Ts
over the symbol period Ts 2
f4 
Ts
 πt   4πt 
 s  s 
T T
 πt   4πt   3πt   5πt 

Ts T
s T s
0  Ts   Ts  0  Ts  0  Ts  dt

Ts
 πt   4πt 
Ts
0  Ts   Ts    3πt Ts    5πt Ts    0
 0
Ts
The sinusoid signals with

1
Ts
over the symbol period Ts
3
f3 
2Ts
 2πt   3πt 
 s   s 
T T
 2πt   3πt   πt   5πt 
Ts T
s T s
0  Ts   Ts  0  Ts  0  Ts  dt

Ts
 2πt   3πt 
Ts
0  Ts   Ts    πt Ts    5πt Ts    0
 0
Ts

1
Ts
2
f4 
Ts
 2πt   4πt 
 s   s 
T T
 2πt   4πt   2πt   6πt 
Ts T
s T s
0  Ts   Ts  0  Ts  0  Ts  dt

Ts
 2πt   4πt 
Ts
0  Ts   Ts    2πt Ts    6πt Ts    0
 0
Ts

3
2Ts
2
f4 
Ts
 3πt   4πt 
 s   s 
T T
 3πt   4πt   πt   7πt 
Ts T
s T s
0  Ts   Ts  0  Ts  0  Ts  dt

Ts
 3πt   4πt 
Ts
0  Ts   Ts    πt Ts    7πt Ts    0
 0
Orthogonal FDM
Binary Transmitting Correlate

Modulation Demod.
Encoder Filter (f1) with (f1)
f2=f1+1/2TS
Correlate
Binary Transmitting Demod.
Modulation with (f2)
Encoder Filter (f2)
Wireless
+ Channel
fN=f1+1/2(N-1)TS
Binary Transmitting Correlate

Modulation Demod.
Encoder Filter (fN) with (fN)
Number of Subcarriers in OFDM
 For band-limited FDM if the system bandwidth is
B, number of sub-carriers is given by:
B BTS
NC   0  α  1  Rolloff Factor
1  α  / TS 1  α 
 For OFDM if the system bandwidth is B, Number
of sub-carriers is given by:
B
NC   2BTS
1/ 2TS
OFDM has the potential to at least double the

number of sub-carriers (i.e., double the total
transmission rate over the system bandwidth)
Intersymbol Interference in OFDM
Assume OFDM over two subcarriers: fT1s=1/Ts, f2=2/Ts Ts
1
f1 
Ts
+
2
f2 
Ts
OFDM Symbol
Tx
Signal
Intersymbol Interference in OFDM
OFDM Symbol
Tx
Signal
h0 h1
Suppose multi-path channel with delay Ts/8
Ts/8
Inter-Symbol
OFDM Symbol Interference (ISI)
Rx
Signal
Inter-symbol interference (ISI) occurs when one OFDM symbol affects the next
one due to the multi-path channel
Inserting Guard Time
OFDM Symbol
Ts/8 Ts Ts Ts/4
Tx
Signal
Guard
Time
h0 h1
Ts/8
Ts/8 Ts Ts Ts/4
Rx
Signal
Guard
Time No ISI
 Guard Time eliminates ISI between neighboring OFDM symbols

 However each OFDM symbol suffers from inter-carrier interference (ICI)
 Guard time corresponds to a reduction of bit rate
Guard Time & Inter-Carrier Interference
Tx Signal Rx Signal
OFDM Symbol OFDM Symbol
Ts/8 Ts Ts/8 Ts
Guard Guard
Time Time
+ +
Rx Signal Consider the receiver for f1=1/Ts that
OFDM Symbol
correlates over Ts with sin  2πt Ts 
Ts/8 Ts Ts
Guard
Time
Correlation at Rx over Ts Not
x
Orthogonal
+
Intra-Carrier
Interference
OFDM Symbol
Ts/8 Ts Ts
Guard
Time
Correlation at Rx over Ts Orthogonal
x
+
No
Interference
OFDM Symbol
Ts/8 Ts Ts
Guard
Time
Correlation at Rx over Ts Not
x
Orthogonal
+
Inter-Carrier
Interference
Cyclic Prefix
The cyclic prefix is used to eliminate Inter-carrier interference
Tx Signal (Guard Time) Tx Signal (Cyclix Prefix)
OFDM Symbol OFDM Symbol
Ts/8 Ts Ts/8
Ts/8 Ts
Guard Cyclic Prefix

Time
Cyclic Prefix
+ +
Cyclic Prefix
Cyclic Prefix
Rx Signal (Cyclix Prefix) Consider the receiver for f1=1/Ts that
Cyclic Prefix correlates over Ts with sin  2πt Ts 
Ts/8 Ts
Ts/8 Ts
Not
Correlation at Rx over Ts x
Orthogonal
Intra-Carrier
Interference
Cyclic Prefix
Ts/8 Ts
Ts/8 Ts
Orthogonal
No
Interference
Cyclic Prefix
Ts/8 Ts
Ts/8 Ts
Orthogonal
No Inter-
Carrier
Interference
Cyclic Prefix (Summary)
Assume fi, fj are two OFDM sub-carriers and φij is the phase
shift associated with the cyclic prefix and multi-path channel
Ts
 sin  2πf t  sin  2πf t  φ  dt

0
i j ij
Ts
  sin  2πf t  sin  2πf t  cos  φ   cos  2πf t  sin  φ  dt

0
i j ij j ij
Ts Ts
 cos φij    sin  2πf t  sin  2πf t  dt  sin  φ   sin  2πf t  cos  2πf t  dt
i j ij i j
0 0
Ts

  sin  2πfi t  sin 2πf j t  φij dt  0 
0
Cyclic Prefix eliminates Inter-carrier Interference (ICI)
Cyclic Prefix (Summary)
Assume an OFDM sub-carrier fi, and φii is the phase shift
associated with the cyclic prefix and multi-path channel
Ts
 sin  2πf t  sin  2πf t  φ  dt

0
i i ii
Ts
  sin  2πfi t  sin  2πfi t  cos  φii   cos  2πfit  sin  φii   dt
0
Ts Ts
 cos  φii   sin2  2πfi t  dt  sin  φii   sin  2πfit  cos  2πfit  dt
0 0
Ts Ts
  sin  2πfi t  sin  2πfi t  φii  dt  cos  φii   sin2  2πfit  dt  0  cos  φii 
0 0
With Cyclic Prefix remains the component cos φii as a

source of Intra-Carrier Interference
Cyclic Prefix vs Guard Time
Guard Time Cyclic Prefix

Eliminates Inter-symbol Eliminates Inter-symbol
Interference Interference
Suffers from Inter-carrier Eliminates Inter-carrier Interference
Interference
Suffers from Intra-carrier Suffers from Intra-carrier
Interference Interference
Causes a reduction in data rate as Causes a reduction in data rate as
a result of the increased OFDM a result of the increased OFDM
symbol time symbol time
Does not consume additional Necessitates additional power
power associated with OFDM associated with OFDM symbol
symbol time expansion due to the expansion due to the introduction
guard time of cyclic prefix
OFDM with Cyclic Prefix System Model
h0 h1
Each sub-carrier is treated as an independent
transmission Ts/8
Tx Signal Rx Signal
Correlation at Rx over Ts
Cyclic Prefix
multiplied by h0 multiplied by h1
Ts Ts
β  sin  2πf t  h
0
i 0 sin  2πfi t  dt   sin  2πfi t  h1 sin  2πfi t  φii  dt
0
β  h0  h1 cos  φii  Fading Effect of the Channel
Mitigation of Fading: Freq. Equalization
 Conduct channel estimation for h0 and h1
 Divide the correlated signal by β=h0+h1cos(φii)
 Requires channel estimation

 For low value values of β equalization also results
in noise amplification
Mitigation of Fading: Precoding
 Conduct channel estimation for h0 and h1
 Divide the transmitted signal by β=h0+h1cos(φii)

 Requires channel estimation knowledge at
transmitter
 Does not result in any noise amplification at the
receiver
 For low values of β, excessively high transmission
power might be needed at the transmitter
Mitigation of Fading: Adaptive Loading
 Distribute power over sub-carriers such as to
maximize total system data rate

 Requires channel estimation knowledge at
transmitter

IV. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

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IV. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

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IV.

Orthogonal Frequency Division

From “Wireless Communications” Edfors, Molisch, Tufvesson

 Communications over wireless channels suffer from multi-path

Multi-path results from reflection, diffraction, and scattering off environment

f=0 0.5 0.5

 A multi-path channel treats signals with different

 Subdivide wideband bandwidth into multiple narrowband sub-

Resolv Relative Average 8

Binary Transmitting Bandpass

Binary Transmitting Bandpass

Binary Transmitting Bandpass

Time-Limited Communications Band-Limited Communications

0 -fc- RS/2 -fc+ RS/2 0 fc- RS/2 fc+ RS/2

 cos  2πf t  cos  2πf t  dt  0

 cos  2πf t  cos  2πf t  dt  0

 cos  2πf t  cos  2πf t  dt  0

The sinusoid signals with 1

The sinusoid signals with 1

 sin  πt Ts  sin  3πt Ts  

The sinusoid signals with 1

 πt   3πt   2πt   4πt 

 sin  2πt Ts  sin  4πt Ts  

The sinusoid signals with 1

 πt   4πt   3πt   5πt 

 sin  3πt Ts  sin  5πt Ts  

The sinusoid signals with

 sin  πt Ts  sin  5πt Ts  

The sinusoid signals with

 sin  2πt Ts  sin  6πt Ts  

The sinusoid signals with

 sin  πt Ts  sin  7πt Ts  

Binary Transmitting Correlate

Binary Transmitting Correlate

OFDM has the potential to at least double the

 Guard Time eliminates ISI between neighboring OFDM symbols

Guard Cyclic Prefix

 sin  2πf t  sin  2πf t  φ  dt

  sin  2πf t  sin  2πf t  cos  φ   cos  2πf t  sin  φ  dt

Cyclic Prefix eliminates Inter-carrier Interference (ICI)

 sin  2πf t  sin  2πf t  φ  dt

With Cyclic Prefix remains the component cos φii as a

Guard Time Cyclic Prefix

β  h0  h1 cos  φii  Fading Effect of the Channel

 Requires channel estimation

 Requires channel estimation

 Requires channel estimation

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