Types of antioxidant based

on mode of action

Primary :
breaking the chain reaction, free radical scavengers.
Primary antioxidants mainly include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)
Superoxide Dismutase Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme is found in both the dermis and the epidermis.
It removes the superoxide radical (O2 .−) and repairs the body cells damaged by free radical.
SOD catalyzes the reduction of superoxide anions to hydrogen peroxide
SOD is also known to compete with nitric oxide (NO) for superoxide anion, which inactivates NO to form
peroxynitrite.
Therefore, by scavenging superoxide anions,
Catalase Catalase enzyme (CAT) is found in the blood and most of the living cells and decomposes H2O2 into
water and oxygen. Catalase along with glucose peroxidase is also used commercially for the preservation of
the fruit juices, cream consisting of egg yolk, and salad by removing the oxygen.
Glutathione Peroxidase Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is a group of seleniumdependent enzymes, and it
consists of cytosolic, plasma, phospholipid hydroperoxide, and gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase GPx
(cellular and plasma) catalyzes the reaction of H2O2 by reduced glutathione (GSH); as a result, oxidized
glutathione (GSSG) is produced.
it is again recycled to its reduced form by glutathione reductase and reduced nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH).
Secondary:
• The secondary antioxidant mechanisms may include the deactivation of metals, inhibition of lipid
hydroperoxides by interrupting the production of undesirable volatiles, the regeneration of primary
antioxidants, and the elimination of singlet oxygen.
• Secondary antioxidant includes glutathione reductase (GR) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
(G6PDH). G6PDH generates NADPH. GR is required to recycle the reduced glutathione (GSH) using secondary
enzyme GR and NADPH
• Glutathione is a cysteine containing peptide-type antioxidant
• is synthesized in the body cells.
• The thiol group in its cysteine moiety is a reducing agent and can be reversibly oxidized and reduced.
• A high level of glutathione is found in the cells (~3,100 μg/g of tissue) maintained in the reduced form (GSH)
by the enzyme GR, and in turn reduces other metabolites and enzyme systems, such as ascorbate.
• Due to its high concentration and its role in maintaining redox state in the cells, it is considered one of the
most important cellular antioxidants.
Types of antioxidant based on their solubilty
• Fat soluble
A vitamin that can dissolve in fats and oils. Fat-soluble vitamins are
absorbed along with fats in the diet and can be stored in the body’s
fatty tissue. They come from plant and animal foods or dietary
supplements. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble.
at-soluble vitamins provide the most benefit when consumed alongside
foods that contain fat. Fat-soluble vitamins will not dissolve in water.
Instead, fat-soluble vitamins absorb best when taken with higher-
fat foods. Once absorbed into the body, fat-soluble vitamins are stored
in fatty tissues and liver
• Water soluble
Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water, which means these vitamins and
nutrients dissolve quickly in the body.
Any excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins simply pass through the body.
Because these vitamins are needed by our bodies, we need to make sure we
intake these vitamins on a regular basis.
Water soluble vitamins include Vitamin C and the vitamin B complex: thiamin
(B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), Vitamin B6, biotin
(B7), folic acid (B9), Vitamin B12. Vitamin A in its Beta-Carotene form is also
water-soluble.
•
Common antioxidants
vitamin A
• vitamin C
• vitamin E
• beta-carotene
• lycopene
• lutein
• selenium.
You can get most of these antioxidants by eating a healthy diet. This includes a mix of colorful fruits and vegetables. Whole grains, seeds, and nuts also
provide good nutrients.
• Vitamin A is in milk, butter, eggs, and liver.
• Vitamin C is in most fruits and vegetables. Eat fruits such as berries, oranges, kiwis, cantaloupes, and papayas. Eat
vegetables such as broccoli, bell peppers, tomatoes, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, and kale.
• Vitamin E is in some nuts and seeds. For example, almonds, sunflower seeds, hazelnuts, and peanuts. You can find it in
green leafy vegetables such as spinach and kale. You also can find it in soybean, sunflower, corn, and canola oils.
• Beta-carotene is in brightly colored fruits and vegetables. Eat fruits such as peaches, apricots, papayas, mangoes, and
cantaloupes. Eat vegetables such as carrots, peas, broccoli, squash, and sweet potatoes. It also is in some leafy green
vegetables such as beet greens, spinach, and kale.
• Lycopene is in pink and red fruits and vegetables. This includes pink grapefruits, watermelon, apricots, and tomatoes.
• Lutein is in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, collards, and kale. You also can find it in broccoli, corn, peas, papayas,
and oranges.
• Selenium is in pasta, bread, and grains, including corn, wheat, and rice. You can find it in animal products, like beef, fish,
turkey, and chicken. You also can find it in nuts, legumes, eggs, and cheese.