COMPLEX FREQUENCY

MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION SPECIAL CASES FOR DIFFERENT VALUES OF NEPER FREQUENCY Graphical Explanation
This poster analyzes the complex A type of frequency that depends on two parameters ;
frequency and represents a one is the ” σ” which controls the magnitude of the signal FOR CASE 1:
complete picture of complex and the other is “w”, which controls the rotation of the
frequency along with all the cases signal ; is known as “complex frequency”.
and conditions. A complex exponential signal is a signal of type
Laplace transforms are simple, and X(t) = Xm est CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3
truly amazing in that they can where Xm and s are time independent complex parameter
handle infinities and infinitesimals. and
Scientists and mathematicians are S = σ + jw When w=0 and σ has certain value, When σ = 0 and w has some value When σ and w both have some
always interested in tools that where Xm is the magnitude of X(t) then, the real part is Xm est then, the real part is =Xmcoswt value, then the real part is and the
help them in work out with these and sigma(σ ) is the real part in S and is called Neper imaginary part is zero (0) since and the imaginary part is imaginary part is So the curve
infinities and infinitesimals and, as frequency and is expressed in Np/s. S = σ + jw S =σ as w = 0 = Xm sinwt obtained is time varying sinusoidal
has been dealing with ideal “w” is the radian frequency and is expressed in rad/sec. Now there are also three cases: Hence the curve obtained is a signal . FOR CASE 2:
inductors, resistors, wires, “S” is called complex frequency and is expressed in sinusoidal steady state curve. This case also has two cases:
sources, etc. And if to deal with complex neper/sec.
ideal turning off and on of the So by putting the value of S in equation of X(t), we get Xm
circuits or to control it, we could
not use Phasors. So at this point So we have: When σ > 0; When σ < 0;
If the Neper If σ <0 then the
by using Laplace, an exception has frequency is positive If σ = 0 then the real part is Then real part
curve obtain is t
been made as "Complex i.e. σ >0 the curve curve obtain is =Xm coswt =Xm coswt
exponentially
Frequency“. obtain is the steady state imaginary part is imaginary part =
exponentially decreasing
DC curve = Xm sinwt Xm sinwt
increasing curve curve.

CONCLUSIONS FOR CASE 3:

MATLAB SIMULATIONS RESULTS
From the graphs and the equations, by changing the value of
neper frequency we may control our signal.

The factors that affect the complex frequency are:

• w , rotation changes
• σ , magnitude changes
• Ø ,instant point from where signal starts, it changes

So far the only value we consider is the neper frequency

through which we can get either exponentially decreasing, Figure 1. Steady State Figure 2. Sinusoidal Increasing Figure 3. Sinusoidal Decreasing
REFERENCES
exponentially increasing, steady state or different signals of
our desire. • https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Circuit_Theory/Compl
ex_Frequency
PREPARED BY: Complex frequency provides an easier and simpler way to • https://pdfrog.com/download/control_systems_engi
neering_4th_edition_norman_nise.pdf
control the signals hence gives an entire system for system
control engineering. • https://www.slideshare.net/zead28/concept-
Hamna Naveed ofcomplexfrequency
16EL06 • https://pdfrog.com/download/control_systems_engi
neering_by_ogata.pdf

Figure 4. Case 3 Figure 5. Case 2 Figure 6. Exponentially Decreasing