ADITI KUMAR

B EEE

UNIT -
2
BEE E
U N IT -
2

Alternates
Required voltage AC
-

generated by AC generators
waveform Graph in which instantaneous
-

values
of any quantity are

plotted against time

Periodic
Repeats itself at
regular intervals
-

waveform ① sinusoidal
Ex waveform
-

②
Rectangular waveform
③ Sawtooth
waveform
AC
waveform Meneses its dirt at
regular intervals
sinusoid in ① Max value
→
terms
of ②
Angular frequency Cw )
③ Phase Angle lol)

of waveform
"

Eg sinusoidal -

Xlt) =
Xm Seir ( wt to)
 No makes
Frequency of cycles it in

1 second
Unit -

cycles per
second ( nd

Electric 50
supply → 60 n -
-

comme Circuit
Mega Nz
-

Period Tune taken

by sinusoid to

complete 1
cycle
T =L
f
Angular By W unit -

raid / s
Frequency w =
2nF
RMS =

-
Areawmdessopuarecurueforlgdepeniod
town
Factor
=
Rmsvaliie
Avg value

Peofffctos = Peiakvalue
RMS value

Area in one
cycle is zero .

value
Aug value is
any ones

half cycle
Area of curve =
21M
lay =

Zale = O 6366
-

Im

Mean Square value =

Km2
RMS value = Im =
O 7071
-

Im
-

rz

Form Facts = RMS = 1.11

←
Peak Factor =
Peake = I 414-

RMS

levered
If waveform is sum
of
waveforms ,

RMS value obtained

by
-

WRMS =
TW
roust Wiremst W3pms
,

VOLTAGE -

CURRENT RELATION
-

RESISTOR -

PHASOR

(
V =
Vm cos WE f-

I
Vmvz
Vz coswt
=

I -

Vin
ER
Impedance
-

Ratio of Phaser
voltage
across it to the
phaser current
through it

Z= V
=
I

In Resistor V R
,

Lengths of Mason
depends on -

⑦
Magnitude ② Scale chosen

scale for -

current Phrases 1 an = x volts

Ian
y Ampere
Phobos
voltage
=

INDUCTIVEdi
t.im#w;ms.ma.fPhoE9jco.V- WL1m-L90V=- wL
L

Be
Eos Inductor
,

j
2=¥
WL
impedance is =

GE WD =
j XL
↳ inductive Reactance

Voltage V leads current I

by
phase angle 90
'

of r

or I

1
current
hags voltage by 90
'

CAPACITOR
-

msn.me/I=wcuzeao
Phobos
I =
Cdd
dt
V=um✓z
'

IIIT '

wupudance jxc
z=
-jw = -

[xc=I
↳ capacitive Reactance
 '

current brads 90
1
voltage by n
or

voltage
v
wags current II ↳
by 90
-

x x x x
-
-
--
- - -

R L series
-
AC circuit
n u
wt THI

µ
- -

T
-

tour of
"
!
yea
=

¥
Impedance
⇐ Ext
tano ¥ cost
# Siro
Rz
= = =

Active / Real Romes -

/
F- VI
A-
Vz
X l X R
P v,
VI cos ol
pg
-

- =

= 12 R
 (

Reactive Ponies -

consumption when current

component is in
quadrature with

voltage
units Reactive
volt
Ampere
-

quadrature comp current

Q Vx
of
-
-

VI of VII.
=
sin =

G =

Vz X l X X c
= R Xu

Apparent power -

Product
of voltage f current
Units -
volt
Ampere
S = V I

= 122 =
VI
z
 Agut
→
Far -

v -
-

EVE
tour of =
Veg
VR
impedance
z= Ttx
of of of
=Xq Rz
sin
If
tan = cos =

R -
L
-

C series Ac circuit

① x

2- T¥xET5 '
k

tang =
X v
Va
R

② XII ③ XEXL
current
2-
T.to# voltage f
in Phase
tan lo =
X SERIES
R RESONANCE
POWER FACTOR -

RL
lagging
-

RC -

leading
RLC ① Xu > xc Lagging
-

② Xc > Xc leading
series RLC circuit
-

Resonance
frequency -

fr -

-
1-
G- Fc

Wr =
1-
Fc

FrequencyResponseo_fRLC
inductive Reactance XL -_ WL

W = O , Xc =D

W =D , Xu = A
capacitive .
Reactance XE
#
W = O Xc =D
W =D 0
Xc =

increased
When w is
from zero
,

decreased
difference b/w Xu f Xc is

when Xie Xc ,
Pure resistive

current reaches peak

value (E)
When W
-

b t above Wr ,
difference
btw Xcfxc is increased

quality facts
-

Property of developing high

card "

voltage during resonance

yn
x④Tfµxc
-
 Energy
-

Resistor -

Heat

inductees -

ME

EF
capacities
-

Q
Maxeuougystoredtnogy
=
za x

dissipated agile pes

x -
x -

x -
x -

Alternating
voltage generated by
-

① Rotating coil in ME

②
Rotating ME within a
stationary
coil
Value
depends on -

coil
① No
of turns in

②
Strength of field
at which coil
③ speed os ME

rotates
RMS value
steady de current which when

flowing through a given circuit

for a
given
time
produces some
heat as
produced by A C
when
flowing through same
circuit
for some time
value
8ms =
0.707 x Max Val
of current
value
Aig steady current which transfers
-

across circuit the same

any
charge as is
transferred by AC

time
during same

Max
Ang Value O 637 x value
-

RMS value
value
greater than
Amg
 MAGNETICCIRC.VN#
d
strength of MF
Density of flux hires

Magnetic flux lines

differ from Electric
flux lines that
they don't have
origin
Flux density -

hits unit
No of flux per
area

#
Units -

Teslas B =

Dion hand rule

Right
-

ME
strength -

Magnitude of field H=
If
Flux unit -
Wickes

)
Resistance Reluctance

fat uh
A- R -

-
Relation b/w B & H -

B
µH
-

107
Permeability of free space Mo = Mt x

nifty
Relative
permeability
Radio
of permeability of material to
that
of free space Mr A =

Mo

Hystousis1B-Hloop_
material
when
magnetic
* home is
taken
through a
complete cycle of
magnetization f demagnetization
lost
*
Rep energy in case

Analysis
-
of Magnetic circuit

① Closed
path follows ang
ME

around interior
of core

length -
Mean
Magnetic path length l
 He = Mi

F- -
Hl

Since
,
H =

Ba f B =

#
i

←
¥0 E-
F- -

ROI
Amperislono
Eet Ez = ni Re -
le
MAC
mi -

§ ( Rct Rs )
Rs =
I
Mo Ac
 Electrical Machines

Machines that
Generates Electrical
convert Mechanical to
energy
electrical
energy
PRINCIPLE → &
Faraday
's law
of EMI

* When conductor cuts ME

,

induced
f current
an EMT is

conductor
flours when is
connected to load

Hand Rule
*
Right
When lines
1
velocity comp 11 flux
① 0=00
E=O

with
② Oso ago Makes angle flux lines
.

earns e
Lemay lvahfI.am
←
Induces
EMF
 with lines
Angle 90
flux
'

E- go
.

E=
EMAX
: .

EMF induced Brush AC

across is
type
convert
using split ring / commutates
* → Dc
Gives unidirectional current

Practical ① Parts
→
stationary
Degenerates ②
Rotating Pants

STATIONARY PARTS -

YOKE outermost frame fog protection

Protects wines
parts
→ Poles

Field current
carry field so it

windings magnetic flux

produces
-

Pole shore Horse shoe shape to spread

flux uniformly air
gap
in

ROTATING PARTS
→ Armature
Cut
slots
.

portion
•
Armature conductors placed on slots

Teeth uncut
potation
commutates converts AC EMF to DC EMF

Brush collects current from machine

& to load
gives
 typefaces
-

DC

to Excited
separately shelf

#fmpowd
Excited

Stunt series

v
T u

shoot
long
a
Differential cumulative
\
Differential auuunlotiue
Septate
-

Armature current -

Ia The =

EMF
E9^
-

Eg la Ra Vb
= V t t

L
Brush
drop fog pair of brush

sdfExcited#mt
Armature current -

Ioe Int Ish

stunt Field current -

Isa =L
Rsa
EMF "

EG
Eg ft la Ra Vb
-
=
t

series -

Armature current la =
le Ise
la = I see =
he V_
Rsa
EMF
Eg
"

Eg Vt la Rat la Rse t
Vb
=
-
Longshot
series
field current Ise
-

la -
tht Isn
shunt
field current
Isn
Vksh
=

EMF Egh -

Eg
= Vt
la Rat la Rse t Vb

short stunt
-

series
field current Ise =L
current Isn
Shunt
field =

Vtlsekse
Rosh
EME "

EG -

Eg Vtlafhat be Rse + Vb
=

characteristics
of generators -

① Open circuit characteristics

② load characteristics
→ Internal ( la ED,

→ External ( Vu ID ,
 circuit characteristics
open of
excited
separately DC
generates
→ ① similar to -

self
② Difference
-

voltage build
up
process is due to both residual
dc
magnetism & source

ARMATURE-pie.NO of
Interaction Armature
flux
with field flux
② When armature f- load ,

No Armature Ran

Neutral Axis )
MNA (
Magnetic
zero emf along axis

GNA ( geometric Neutral Axis)

Axis of symmetry b/w poles
 De
magnets ing field reduces
•

magnitude
it reduces
of field flux so that
net
flux
cross
magnetizing field distorts
•

field flux
-
X -

x -

x -

x -

Magneticfiddinbcmotoss coil
When EC
passes through
in ME
, magnetic force produces
a
torque that turns DC undies

Turning torque L
Magnetic field
current in
-
DC mottos

Electric current
supplied
commutates
externally through
commutates reverses current each

half her to keep torque turning

coil in bovine dish

Force in DC Matos
-

F- 1 LB

L to wire & Mt

tremolos -

whenever current
conductors carrying
is
placed in MF
,

mechanical
experiences a
force
Dian -

's heft
Fleming hard rule