The Turmoil of a New Age

By: Truman A. Oabe

 Outline
 The Turmoil of New Age

 The Shift to Cities
 The Revolution has brought Misery
 The Three Revolutions
 Child Labor
 Social Changes
 Mass Dependencies
 Printing for everyone
 Stereotyping
 Setting the Type
 Offset Lithography
 Paper for Everyone
 The Turmoil Of a New Age

 American and French Revolutions and The
Enlightenment – elevated reason above faith.

It would create mass society

 It would bring much to improve life: cheap

cotton for clothing, cheap pottery for dishes,
mass produced furniture, cheap coal to fuel
factories and cheap transportation for people
and goods.

 “Industrial Revolution at last would give the most people
the chance to live as only as few had lived.”


 It created books and magazines, which is shelved at
city libraries, and it trained minds to read them.
 It printed newspaper for everyone and filled them
with the kind of news and advertising to which
everyone could respond.
 As these things open people’s lives, it led into mental
seclusion for reading is not so often a collective
activity in a family setting or a literary salon as it is
solitary and silent.

 The Shift to Cities

 With the invention of steam power: Europe and
United states shift to an industrial economy.

 Villages racked by diseases, malnutrition, and

drunkenness were cleared out as men, women and
children trudged with empty bellies to cities where
factories arose to produce goods in mass quantity.

 They crowded into squalid urban communities.


Starting in Great Britain spreading across
Western Europe and American colonies


 It built machinery that plowed the soil and
harvested crops to bring food that were assembled in
factories.
 It carried chilled meat and fish never tasted by an
earlier generation to be eaten with knives and fork
made in other factories.
 It brought medicines to children who once had only
home remedies.
 It also brought a variety of clothing to those who
once had once make-do.
 Reading of Books

 The reading of books spread in the 19th century with
the free mass education movement led in the United
states by Horace Mann and the free public.
 Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia started the library
system, which had its origins during the pre-
revolutionary time.
 The Industrial Revolution spun off information
revolutions that brought knowledge and mass
entertainment undreamed of in pre-industrial times,
and all of it would be built from mass media today
 It brought Misery

It brought the misery of grueling labor.
The employers cared machines more than its
workers.
Cities dumped untreated sewage into rivers
to flow alongside the chemicals dumped by
factories.
Industrial Revolution made life impersonal
and transitory. Workers drank away their
pay.
Families were no longer together.
 Misery

With the invention of light, the
night turned into day for work
and leisure further disrupting
what had once bees an even flow
of pattern of life.
 Three Revolutions

The Industrial Revolution centered in
England coincided approximately with
French Revolution which was political and
the American Revolution, which saw the
emergence of a new force in modern world
history, the colony that broke together as a
nation.
Child Labor

 Child Labor

Children were not coddled or romanticised
but from an early age were regarded as
incomplete adults.
The new age made them particularly
attractive for factory and mine because they
were hire cheaper for their fathers, cheaper
than their mothers and expendable.
Children also worked, as they had always
done, in agriculture and craft manufacturing.
 Child Labor

 A German elector in 1543 specified that parents
renting rooms from others could not keep children
above the age of nine, but had to send them out to
work of the parents would be punished.
 The Industrial Revolution worsened the lot of some
who were recruited in gangs from orphanages, poor
houses, and the city slums.
 Little girls were sought for cotton spinning mills and
little boys were instructed to crawl into narrow coal
slopes. They were sometimes beaten to spur
production twelve to fourteen hours work a day.
 Child Labor

 In this Dickensian England, the 1833 factories
regulation act prohibited employment children
under nine and twelve a maximum of nine hours
work a day
 The employers had also to pay for two hours of
schooling daily.
 Government enacted child labor laws and regulated
factory conditions, suicides were reported among
children driven to despair in a sunless world.
 Child Labor

In the Industrial revolution, the diet
improved, Freidrich Engels noted that
among better-paid workers, meat could
be enjoyed everyday with bacon and
cheese for dinner.
 Social Changes

 When a member of the family moved to a distant
city, every element of personality departed forever.
 Violence sporadically attended the Industrial
revolution.
 Food riots erupted as factory workers attacked
bakeries for raising bread prices etc.
 War, the greatest violence of all, had markedly
changed to sweep up civilians into civilian armies.
 The means of mass communication helped to stir
nationalistic feelings.
 Mass Dependencies

 Demand grew for more workers not only in industry
but in agriculture, to feed the swelling cities.

 Industrious rural families made do by mixing

farming with off-season and household
manufacturing tasks to provide the things they
need.

 The poor who did not own farms survived on

whatever meager wages they could acquire.
 Mass Dependencies

The mass production by machines of
identical finished goods were
distributed by organized transportation
to urban centers and marketed by
means of mass communication.
 Printing for Everyone

 The French Revolution depended on the printed
word to get out the message of liberty, equality, and
fraternity.
 Most peasants are illiterate, but they could look at
posters and listen to those who read it.
 Between 1450 and 1800, printers continued to set
type by hand. A typical screw press impressed no
more than 100 to 150 sheets of paper an hour.
 Printing was done much as it had been accomplished
in Gutenberg’s day.

 Printing Changes

 After 1800, printing further encouraged literacy
broadened knowledge, and involved ordinary
people in public affairs to a greater extent than ever
before as they tried in a more complex world to go
through life adequately.

 The Industrial Revolution brought printing the

advantages of mass production- a greater output of
printed material at a far lower cost.
Fourdrinier machine

It made paper in a
continuous web
And increased
papermaking capacity
Tenfold.
Printing Changes

 Iron presses,
easier to
operate and
making better
impressions,
replaced
wooden
presses
around the
turn of 19th
century.
Printing Changes

 Lever press
replaced the
ancient method
of pressing
pages by
twisting a screw
Printing Changes

 Steam press was
operating in 1810.
Richard Hoe’s rotary
cylinder press,
making use of the
rolls of newsprint
from the fourdrinier
machines.
 Printing Changes

 Pages came off from presses at the rate of 1100 sheets
per hour per side.
 By 1827, output on the most modern presses was
7,000 sheets per an hour.
