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Energy Conversion 5
Energy Conversion 5
(Course 25741)
Chapter Two
TRANSFORMERS
…continued
Equivalent Circuit of Transformer
• Major Items to be considered in Construction of
Transformer Model:
• Copper losses (in primary & Secondary
winding) ~ I²
• Eddy current losses (in core) ~ V²
• Hysteresis losses (in core) a complex nonlinear
function of applied V
• Leakage flux : φLP & φLS, these fluxes produce
self-inductance in primary & secondary coils
Equivalent Circuit of Transformer
• Exact Eq. cct. Model for Real Transformer
• Copper losses modeled by resistances Rp & Rs
• As discussed before:
• φp=φm+φLp φp; total av. Primary flux
• φS=φm+φLS φS; total av. Secondary flux
• where φm; flux linking both P & S
φLp; primary leakage flux
φLS; secondary leakage flux
The average primary (& Secondary) flux, each, is
divided into two components as:
mutual flux & leakage flux
Equivalent Circuit of Transformer
• Based on application of these components,
Faraday’s law for primary circuit can be
expressed as:
• Vp(t)=Np dφp/dt = Np dφM/dt + Np dφLp/dt or:
• Vp(t)=ep(t) + eLp(t) similarly for secondary:
• Vs(t)=Ns dφs/dt = Ns dφM/dt + Ns dφLs/dt or:
• Vs(t)=es(t) + eLs(t)
• primary & secondary voltages due to mutual
flux :
ep(t) = Np dφM/dt es(t)= Ns dφM/dt
Equivalent Circuit of Transformer
• Note : ep(t)/Np = dφM/dt =es(t)/Ns
• ep(t)/es(t) = Np / Ns =a
• while eLp(t) = Np dφLp/dt & eLs(t)= Ns dφLs/dt
if р = permeance of leakage flux path
• φLp=(p Np) ip & φLs=(p Ns) is
• eLp(t) = Np d/dt (p Np) ip = Np²p dip/dt
• eLs(t) = Ns d/dt (p Ns) is = Ns²p dis/dt
Defining:Lp = Np²p primary leakage inductanc
Ls = Ns²p secondary leakage inductance
Equivalent Circuit of Transformer
• eLp(t)=Lp dip/dt
• eLs(t)=Ls dis/dt
• Therefore leakage flux can be modeled by primary & secondary
leakage inductances in equivalent electric circuit
• Core Excitation that is related to the flux linking both windings
(φm; flux linking both P & S) should also be realized in modeling
• im (in unsaturated region) ~ e (voltage applied to core)
and lag applied voltage by 90◦ modeled by an inductance Lm
(reactance Xm)
• Core-loss current ie+h is ~ voltage applied & It can be modeled
by a resistance Rc across primary voltage source
• Note: these currents nonlinear therefore: Xm & Rc are best
approximation of real excitation
Equivalent Circuit of Transformer
• The resulted equivalent circuit is shown:
• Zline,pu=(20+j60)/2304=0.0087+j0.0260 pu
• Zload,pu= 1030 / 5.76 1.7360 pu
• Per unit equivalent cct of PWR. SYS. Shown below:
The Per Unit System For Modeling
Example …
(c) current flowing in:
10
• Ipu=Vpu/Ztot,pu=
(0.0087 j 0.026) (1.73630 )
10 pu
0.569 30.6
• Per unit power of load : 1.512 j 0.894
Pload,pu =Ipu²Rpu=(0.569)²(1.503)=0.487
• actual power supplied to load:
• Pload=Pload,puSbase=0.487 x 10000=4870 W
(d) power loss in line:
• Pline loss,pu =Ipu²Rline,pu=(0.569)²(0.0087)=0.00282
• Pline= Pline loss,pu Sbase= (0.00282)(10000)=28.2 W