HGF 222 (MLTan) - Kuliah 4

HGF 222 Geografi Fizikal
Kuliah 4
Kami Memimpin We Lead
Dr. Tan Mou Leong

Introduction
CLIMATE CHANGE IS REAL!!!

Definition
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) - Climate change refers to any change in
climate over time, whether due to natural
variability or as a result of human activity.
• This could be a change in how much rain a
place usually gets in a year.
• Or it could be a change in a place's usual
temperature for a month or season.

How can climate change affect environment?
• Sea level rise

• Water resources
• Biodiversity
• Effect on public health
• Urban heat island effect
• Food security

Climate Change Impact in Malaysia
An area near the Linggiu
Reservoir, taken on April
19, 2016. The Linggiu
Reservoir, which has the
capacity to supply half of
Singapore’s daily demand,
was just 31 per cent full by
mid-2016, compared to 80
per cent at the start of the
year. TODAY file photo.
Source: http://www.todayonline.com/commentary/how-johors-growing-water-woes-could-affect-singapore

Climate Change Impact
The responses of
the Singapore's
prime minister, Lee
Hsien Loong, on the
hot spell issue in
Johor River Basin in
April 2016.
Source: https://www.facebook.com/leehsienloong/posts/1094085613987477
Drought

Drought
• A drought is a period of below-average
precipitation in a given region, resulting in
prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether
atmospheric, surface water or ground water.
• A drought can last for months or years, or may be
declared after as few as 15 days.
• Tropical regions are characterized by high annual
precipitation, but a strong seasonality in
precipitation could also lead to drought conditions

Drought
• The National Climatic Data Center reports that
there have been 15 droughts from 1980 to
2009 that have resulted in $185.2 billion in
damages.
• Drought is different. Drought is in that rare
category of slow-onset disasters in which it is
notoriously difficult even to decide when a
drought has begun, how long it will last, and
what the ultimate consequences may be.
Types of Drought: (1) Meteorological Drought
• Related to rainfall amounts.

• Meteorological drought depends on
precipitation deficit and duration of period
with precipitation deficit.
• Simply expressed in terms of a rainfall deficit
in relation to some average amount and
duration of drought period.

Types of Drought: (2) hydrological Drought
• Hydrological drought occurs longer period of
precipitation deficit.
• Determined by water level in reservoirs.
• Effects of periods of rain shortfall on surface
and sub-surface water.

Types of Drought: (3) Agricultural Drought
• Agricultural drought refers to situations with
insufficient soil moisture level to meet the
plants needs for water during vegetation
period.

Causes
• Prolonged scanty rainfall causes drought
• Environmental degradation, especially
the loss of green cover affects rainfall
received in the region, increasing the
possibility of water stress.
• Global warming

Drought Mitigation
• water-use planning.
• rain-water harvesting.
• runoff collection using surface and
underground structures.
• improved management of channels and wells.
• exploration of additional water resources
through drilling and dam construction.

The Integrated Drought Management
Programme (IDMP) was launched by WMO and
GWP at the High Level Meeting on National
Drought Policies in March 2013. IDMP works
with a wide range of partners with the objective
of supporting stakeholders at all levels. IDMP
provides its partners with policy and
management guidance through globally
coordinated generation of scientific information
and sharing best practices and knowledge for
integrated drought management.
• Following publication of the IPCC report on extreme
events (IPCC, 2012), the issue of quantifying loss
and damage from extreme climate events such as
droughts has become important for policy
implementation, especially with regard to the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change agenda.
• In addition, due to the magnitude of associated
disaster losses, improved drought monitoring and
management will be fundamental to implementing
the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015–2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals.
Drought Indicators or Indices
• Drought indicators or indices are often used to help
track droughts, and these tools vary depending on the
region and the season.
• They are categorized by type and ease of use, and
grouped into the following classifications:
– Meteorology
– Soil Moisture
– Hydrology
– Remote Sensing
– Composite or MOdelled

United States Drought Monitor (USDM)

• In recent years, research on tropical droughts
has received substantial attention from
researchers and policy makers due to the
awareness on climate change .
• For instance, occurrences of the 2010 Amazon
drought , the 1997–1998 Malaysia drought , the
2015 Indonesia drought and the 2012
Northeast Brazil drought have turned the
tropical forest from a net carbon sink to a
source, thus impacting local communities and
ecosystems.
• Drought event in Malaysia caused very low water
levels in several rivers of the basin, impacting the
local population. For example, more than 8000
paddy farmers in Kelantan were affected, with
estimated total losses of about USD$22 million.
• In addition, the drought event also affected human
health, as the number of dengue fever death cases
was three times greater in 2014 than 2013. This is
due to the drought situation, which accelerated
the life cycle of the Aedes mosquito that transmits
the dengue virus to humans.
• The TRMM mission is a collaboration between the
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
to monitor precipitation in tropical and sub-tropical
regions.
• The latest TRMM TMPA version 7 contains three
precipitation products at different temporal
resolutions, including 3B42RT (3-hourly), 3B42 (daily),
and 3B43 (monthly).
• Precipitation information of these products is available
from 1998 to present, with a spatial resolution of 0.25°
× 0.25° that covers a latitude from 50°S to 50°N.
Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
• SPI is recommended by WMO as requires only
precipitation data as input has been widely used due
to its simplicity and flexible time-scale computation.
Class SPI value
Extremely wet SPI ≥ 2
Severely Wet 1.5 ≤ SPI < 2
Moderately wet 1 ≤ SPI < 1.5
Near-normal -1 < SPI < 1
Moderately Dry -1.5< SPI ≤ -1
Severely Dry -2< SPI ≤ -1.5
Extremelty Dry SPI ≤ -2

• Based on the SPI-3, the extreme drought events (SPI ≤ −2)
were clearly detected in 1998, 2004, 2006 and 2012 by the
TMPA-3B43 and observations. Nevertheless, some
mismatched in-drought categories were also identified. For
instance, the TMPA-3B43 defined the year 2000 as an
extreme drought event, while observations only classified it
as a severely dry condition.

Number of drought events detected by the TMPA-
3B43 and observations (SPI ≤ −1.5) over the
Kelantan River basin for the period of 1998–2014.

• Monthly drought patterns for the SPI-1 during
2014 indicate that the KRB experienced
severely dry to extreme drought conditions in
the first four months of the year. The extreme
drought is mainly distributed in the northern,
eastern and north-eastern regions nearer to
the coast, particularly in February and March
2014.

• The month of December 2014 showed extremely
wet conditions, resulting in one of the worst
flood events in the recent history of Malaysia.
Generally, extreme wet conditions were found in
the central and northern regions of the basin.
• More than 230,000 people were evacuated
during this flood event, with total damage of
about USD$560 million and the death of at least
23 people
THANK YOU

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HGF 222 Geografi Fizikal

Dr. Tan Mou Leong

Kami Memimpin We Lead

CLIMATE CHANGE IS REAL!!!

Kami Memimpin We Lead

• Sea level rise

Kami Memimpin We Lead

Kami Memimpin We Lead

Kami Memimpin We Lead

Kami Memimpin We Lead

• Related to rainfall amounts.

Kami Memimpin We Lead

Kami Memimpin We Lead

Kami Memimpin We Lead

Kami Memimpin We Lead

Kami Memimpin We Lead

Kami Memimpin We Lead

Kami Memimpin We Lead

Kami Memimpin We Lead

Kami Memimpin We Lead

Kami Memimpin We Lead

Kami Memimpin We Lead

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