COMPLEX

ANALYSIS
Section 2: Complex Functions

Lecturer: Mardan A. Pirdawood

2016 - 2017
 Complex Functions
 
Definition

A complex function is a function whose domain and range are subsets

of the set of complex numbers.

A complex function is also called a complex-valued function of a complex

variable. For the most part we will use the usual symbols and to denote
complex functions. In addition, inputs to a complex function will typically be
denoted by the variable and outputs by the variable When referring to a
complex function we will use three notations interchangeably, for example, or,
simply, the function Throughout this course the notation will always denote a
complex function, whereas the notation will be reserved to represent a real-
valued function of a real variable

Complex
Complex Analysis
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Section 2:
2: Complex Functions
Functions Lecturer:
Lecturer: Mardan A.
A. Pirdawood
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 Complex Functions

Example 2.1
The expression can be evaluated at any complex number and always yields a
single complex number, and so

defines a complex function. For instance,

at the points and we have:

and

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Complex Analysis
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2: Complex Functions
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Lecturer: Mardan A.
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 Complex Functions

Example 2.2
The expression also defines a complex function. Some values of are:

Note
When the domain of a complex function is not explicitly stated, we assume
the domain to be the set of all complex numbers for which is defined.

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Complex Analysis
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2: Complex Functions
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Lecturer: Mardan A.
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 Complex Functions

Example 2.3
The functions and in Example 2.1 and 2.2 are defined for all complex
numbers z, and so, and .
The complex function is not defined at and
because the denominator is equal to 0 when . Therefore, is the set of all
complex numbers except and .

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Complex Analysis
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 Real and Imaginary Parts of a Complex Function
 
It is often helpful to express the inputs and the outputs a complex function in
terms of their real and imaginary parts. If is a complex function, then the image
of a complex number under f is a complex number
. By simplifying the expression we can write the real variablesand in terms of
the real variables and .

Example 2.4

By replacing the symbol with in the complex function , we obtain:

So the real variables and are given by and , respectively.

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Complex Analysis
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2: Complex Functions
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Lecturer: Mardan A.
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 Real and Imaginary Parts of a Complex Function
 
The previous example shows that, if is a complex function, then both and are
real functions of the two real variables and . That is, by setting , we can express
any complex function in terms of two real functions as:

Here, the functions and are called the real and imaginary parts of ,
respectively.

Example 2.5

Find the real and imaginary part of the following complex functions:

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Complex Analysis
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 Exponential Function

Definition

The function defined by:

is called the complex exponential function.

Example 2.6

Find the values of the complex exponential function at the following points:

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 Exponential Function

Some properties of

The following properties hold for a complex exponential function where and
are two complex numbers:
1.

2.

3.

4.

Note

The complex exponential function is periodic.

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Complex Analysis
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 Polar Coordinates
 
It is equally valid, and, oftentimes, more convenient to express the complex
variable using either the polar form or, equivalently, the exponential form .

Given a complex function , if we replace the symbol with

, then we can write this function as:

We still call the real functions and the real and imaginary parts of ,
respectively.

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 Polar Coordinates
 
For example, replacing z with in the function , yields, by de Moivre’s formula,

Thus, using the polar form of we have shown that the real and imaginary parts
of are

Note

The functions and are not the same as the functions

and .

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 Polar Coordinates

Example 2.7

Find the value of the function ,

at the point .
Solution:
We first express in polar form:

We then set and in the expression for to obtain:

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 Complex Functions as Mappings
 
Every complex function describes a correspondence between points in two
copies of the complex plane. Specifically, the point in the -plane is associated
with the unique point in the w-plane. We use the alternative term Complex
Mapping in place of “complex function” when considering the function as this
correspondence between points in the -plane and points in the -plane.

The geometric representation of a complex mapping consists of two figures:

the first, a subset of points in the -plane, and the second, the set of the
images of points in under in the w-plane.

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 Complex Functions as Mappings

Notation

If is a complex mapping and if is a set of points in the -plane, then we call the
set of images of the points in under the image of under , and we denote this
set by the symbol .

  Figure 2.1: The image of a set under a mapping

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Complex Analysis
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 Complex Functions as Mappings

Example 2.8
Find the image of the half-plane under the complex mapping
and represent the mapping graphically.
Solution:
Consider the vertical boundary line of shown in Figure 2.2(a).
For any point on this line we have where .

.
Because the set of points , , is the line in the -plane, we conclude that the
vertical line in the -plane is mapped onto the horizontal line in the -plane by
the mapping .

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 Complex Functions as Mappings

By replacing the symbol z by in , we obtain

,
and so the real and imaginary parts of are:

In summary, the half-plane shown in Figure 2.2(a) is mapped onto the half-
plane shown in Figure 2.2(b) by the mapping .

  Figure 2.2: The mapping

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 Complex Functions as Mappings

Example 2.9

Find the image of the vertical line under the complex mapping
and represent the mapping graphically.
Solution:
Let be the set of points on the vertical line
with

the real and imaginary parts of are and , respectively. For a point in , and .
So the image of is satisfying the simultaneous equations:
for .

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 Complex Functions as Mappings

We can write a parametric equations in the real parameter as follows :

We have shown that the vertical line in Figure 2.3(a) is mapped onto the
parabola in Figure 2.3(b) by the complex mapping .

  Figure 2.3: The mapping

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 Linear Mappings

Definition

A complex linear function is a function of the form

,
where and are any complex constants.

Every non constant complex linear mapping can be described as a composition

of three basic types of motions: a translation, a rotation, and a magnification.

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 Translations

Definition

A complex linear function

,
is called a translation. If we set and in , we obtain:

Figure 2.4: Translation

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 Translations

Example 2.10

Find the image of the square with vertices at , and

under the linear mapping .
Solution:
We will represent S and in the same copy of the complex plane. The mapping
is a translation, so
,
we plot the vector (2,−1) originating at each point in S. The set of terminal
points of these vectors is , the image of S under T. is a square with vertices at:

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 Translations
 
Therefore, the square shown in color in Figure 2.5 is mapped onto the square
shown in black by the translation .

Figure 2.5: Image of a square under translation

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 Rotation

Definition

A complex linear function

is called a rotation.

Figure 2.6: Rotation

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 Rotation

Example 2.10

Find the image of the real axis under the linear mapping

Solution:
Let denote the real axis and let denote the image of under .
Since , the complex mapping is a rotation.
Determining the angle of rotation:

In Figure 2.7 we plotted z and in the same copy of the complex plane, then the
point is rotated counterclockwise through radians about the origin to the
point .

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 Rotation
 
The image is, therefore, the line , in Figure 2.7 the real axis is mapped onto the
line by

Figure 2.7: Image of a line under rotation

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 Magnifications

Definition

A complex linear function

is called a magnification. Where the symbol represents a real number.

Figure 2.8: Magnification

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 Magnifications

Example 2.10

Find the image of the circle given by under the linear mapping
.
Solution:
Since is a magnification with magnification factor of , each point on the circle
will be mapped onto a point with the same argument but with modulus
magnified by3.

Therefore, the image is the circle that is centered at the origin and has radius 6.

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 Magnifications
 
We illustrate this mapping in a single copy of the complex plane. Under the
mapping , the circle is mapped onto the circle in Figure 2.9.

Figure 2.9: Image of a circle under magnification

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 Linear Mappings

Example 2.11 (H.W.)

Find the image of the rectangle with vertices , , , and −

under the linear mapping .
Solution:

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 Limits and Continuity

Definition: Limit of a Complex Function

Suppose that a complex function is defined in a deleted neighborhood

of and suppose that is a complex number. The limit of as tends to exists
and is equal to , written as , if for every there exists a such that whenever .

  Figure 2.12: Deleted -neighborhood of

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 Limits and Continuity

Example 2.18

Solution:

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 Limits and Continuity

Example 2.17

Show that does not exist.

Solution:

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 Limits and Continuity

Theorem 2.1 Real and Imaginary Parts of a Limit

Suppose that , , and .

Then if and only if

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 Limits and Continuity

Theorem 2.2 Properties of Complex Limits

Suppose that and are complex functions. If and , then

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 Limits and Continuity

Definition: Continuity of a Complex Function

A complex function is continuous at a point , if ,

if for every there exists a such that
whenever .

  
Criteria
Criteria for
for Continuity
Continuity at
at aa Point
Point

A
A complex
complex function
function is
is continuous
continuous at
at aa point
point ifif each
each of
of the
the following
following
three
three conditions
conditions hold:
hold:

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 Limits and Continuity

Example 2.21

Show that the function is discontinuous at the given point.

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 Limits and Continuity

Theorem 2.2 (H.W.) Real and Imaginary Parts of a Limit

Suppose that and . Then the complex function is continuous at the point if
and only if both real functions and are continuous at the point

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