Presentation Title

20th Feb 2017

5/15/20
INTRODUCTION
• It is a combination of both electric science and magnetic science.

• Basic law of Physics are use to carry out the method .

• Working principal is the four Maxwell Equation .

• Electromagnetic (EM) methods make use of the response of

the ground to the propagation of the electromagnetic fields
which are composed of alternating electric intensity and
magnetic force.

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Application
• Mineral Exploration
• Mineral resources evaluation
• Groundwater surveys
• Mapping contaminant plumes
• Geothermal resources investigation
• Contaminated land mapping
• Landfill surveys
• Detection of geological and artificial cavities
• Location of geological faults
• Geological mapping
• Permafrost mapping etc.

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Working Principal

An electromagnetic field may be defined in terms of four

vector functions E,D,H and B, where:

E is the electrical field in V/M.

D is the dielectric displacement in Coulomb/m2.
H is the magnetic field intensity in A/m.
B is the magnetic induction in Telsa.

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Maxwell Equation:
Faraday’s Law & Ampere’s Law

The
  Faraday’s law state that an electric field exist in a time
varying magnetic field with time which is equal to the
negative of the magnetic flux.
Mathematically stated as

The Ampere’s law state that a magnetic field is generated

in space by current flow and the field is proportional to
the total current.
Mathematically stated as

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Maxwell’s Equation

 
It infers that lines of magnetic induction are
continuous and there is no single magnetics poles.

It infers that electrical fields can begin and end on

electrical charges.

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Description of EM Fields

• The primary or the source field used in the EM

prospecting are generated by passing alternate or
pulsed current through long wires or coils.
• Two types of EM methods
1.FDEM(Frequency Domain EM)
2.TDEM( Time Domain EM)
• In FDEM the disturbing field is measure in the presence
of the primary field.
• In TDEM the disturbing field is measure in the absence
of the primary field.

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Working procedure

The transmitter coil

can be used to
generate the
primary / source
electromagnetic
field which
propagates above
and below

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EM work
• A primary magnetic field is generated
by the electric current flowing in the
transmitter loop(TX).
• The transmitter current oscillates with
time to produce a primary magnetic
field that oscillates with time.
• Time variation of the primary magnetic
field produce a secondary magnetic
field in the conductor (ore body).
• The secondary magnetic field passes
through Rx which produces a
secondary voltage in the RX due to the
time variation due to oscillation in the
magnetic field.
• Measure the secondary voltage which
give information like the size , depth of
the body.

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Depth of penetration of EM field

• The
  depth of penetration depends upon the frequency and the
electrical conductivity of the medium.
• The amplitude decrease exponentially with depth. The relation
of amplitude with relative to its original amplitude AO is given
as
Ad =A0e-1
• The depth of penetration can be defined as the depth at which
the amplitude Ad is decreased by the factor e-1 compared with
the surface amplitude . Penetration depth d is given by

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FDEM:DIP ANGLE MEASUREMENT

• Till of the detector coil are measured

about the horizontal axis as the station
reading.
• It advantages are 1. Simple to operate
2. They are inexpensive
3. The technique is rapid
and works quit well over
the steeply dipping sheet like the conductor
which a common geological features.
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Types of Dip Angle Measurement

• Fixed Vertical loop Transmitter.

• Broadside(parallel-line Method).
• Shoot-Back Method.
• AFMAG Methods.
• VLF Methods

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FDEM: Phase component
Measurements

• The measurement is done both in phase and

quadrature components of the secondary field .
• It provide us the knowledge of the electrical
properties of the conductor as well as the describe the
outline of the body.
• For recording the additional data it is necessary not
only to cancel the most of the primary field but also
to measure the phase as well as the amplitude of the
secondary field with respect to the primary.

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Type of Phase Component Measurement

• Turam method
• Moving Source (horizontal loop)
Method

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TDEM
• Required a special transmitter to drive a time varying current
into a transmitter loop
• Generally an underground loop of wire laid on the surface.
• The transmitter loop generated an EM that propagate into the
subsurface.
• As the EM energy encounters different subsurface materials, it
induces eddy current that generate secondary EM field.
• The secondary EM field is then pick up by the receiver loop or
the magnetic antenna on the surface.
• It recorded as the induce energy diffuse into the earth.
• Rate of diffusion indicates the resistivity of the subsurface
material.

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TDEM SETUP

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Types of TDEM

• PEM (“Pulse “EM)

• SIRMPP-4
• OTEM
• EM37
• UTEM

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