Contingency Analysis

HIRANI ANAND -17BEE156

GOL DHRU -17BEE154

Minor Project (EE 704)

7TH SEMESTER
ELECTRICAL -:GUIDE:-
ENGINEERING DEPT. Prof. Shivam Shrivastava
Modeling & Analysis of Power System
Contingencies
TABLE OF CONTENTS-1
Introduction

Types of Violation

Contingency Analysis Aspects

State of Security Analysis

Remedial Actions

Methods of Contingency Analysis

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 Introduction

• In the past many wide spread blackouts have occurred in interconnected power
systems therefore it is necessary to insure that power system should be operated
most economically such that power is delivered reliably.
• Contingency analysis is abnormal condition in electrical network. It put whole
system or a part of the system under stress.
 Introduction

• It occurs due to
• Sudden opening of a transmission line,
• Generator tripping,
• Sudden change in generation,
• Sudden change in load value,
 Introduction

• Existing Situation whose result is unknown or unpredictable

• Function in Modern Energy Management System
• Information about static security
• Major Activity in Power System planning operation
• Used to calculate violations
• Line Outage Distribution Factor (LODF)
• Power Transfer Distribution Factor (PTDF)
• Managing, creating, analyzing and reporting lists of contingencies and associated
violations
 LODF

• The Line Outage Distribution Factor (LODF) is one of the important linear
sensitivity factors which play a key role in finding the effect of the critical
contingencies and hence suggesting possible preventive and corrective actions to
solve the violations in the system.
 LODF

• LODFs are used to approximate the change in the flow on one line caused by the
outage of a second line.
• Typically they are only used to determine the change in the MW flow compared to
the pre-contingency flow
• LODFs are approximately independent of flows but do depend on the assumed
network topology.
 Types of Violations

• Line contingency and generator contingency

• Low Voltage Violations
• Occurs at buses
• Operating range of voltage is 0.95 to 1.05 p.u
• Line MVA limits Violations
• Occurs in System
• Due to increase of current flow
• Lines are designed to withstand 125% MVA limit
• 80-90% limit crossing as alarm signaling
 Types of Violations

• Low Voltage Violations

This type of violation occurs at the buses. This suggests that the voltage at the
bus is less than the specified value.
The operating range of voltage at any bus is generally 0.95-1.05 p.u.
Thus if the voltage falls below 0.95 p.u then the bus is said to have low voltage,
If the voltage rises above the 1.05 p.u then the bus is said to have a high voltage
problem. .
 Types of Violations

• Low Voltage Violations

It is known that in the power system network generally reactive power is the
reason for the voltage problems.
Hence in the case of low voltage problems reactive power is supplied to the
bus to increase the voltage profile at the bus.
In the case of the high voltage reactive power is absorbed at the buses to
maintain the system normal voltage.
 Types of Violations

• Line MVA limits Violations

This type of contingency occurs in the system when the MVA rating of the line
exceeds given rating.
This is mainly due to the increase in the amplitude of the current flowing in that
line. The lines are designed in such a way that they should be able to withstand
125% of their MVA limit.
Based on utility practices, if the current crosses the 80-90 % of the limit, it is
declared as an alarm situation.
 Aspects of Contingency Analysis

• System to with stand equipment failure

• Overloads in contingency conditions
• (N-1) contingency analysis simulation (traditional meathod)
• Prioritize Transmission Planning
• Annual Maintenance plan & schedule for power system
 States of Security Analysis

 Optimal Dispatch
Available to contingency
Optimal With respect to Economic operation
 States of Security Analysis

 Post Contingency
State after contingency
This Condition has a security Violation
 States of Security Analysis

 Secure Dispatch
System with no contingency
Account for security violations
 States of Security Analysis

 Secure Post-Contingency
Contingency at base condition after corrections
 Remedial Actions

• Shunt Capacitor Bank

• Generation Re-Dispatch
• Load Shedding
• On-Load Tap changing Transformer (OLTC)
• Distributed Generation
• Islanding
 Substation

Contingency (Outage)

G1
Substation
Substation

FAULT
G2

05/26/2020 20

source[7]
States of Security Analysis

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 States of Security Analysis

• Normal State: In normal state, the power balance between generation and load
is satisfied and no equipment is overloaded. All the voltages are within limits. In
addition, the system has sufficient security margin to withstand any of the
credible contingencies.
 States of Security Analysis

• Alert state: Under this state, the power balance between generation and load is
still met. No equipment is overloaded. No voltage is out of its limits. However,
when a severe contingency occurs, the system will either have overloaded
equipments or have voltage violations.
 States of Security Analysis

• Emergency state: The power balance between generation and load is still
satisfied. However, either overloaded or voltage violations happen in emergency
state. If suitable corrective control actions are taken, the state can still be
restored to normal state or at least alert state.
 States of Security Analysis

• In Extremis State: Under this state, the power balance between generation
and load is lost. Voltage violation may happen and some equipment is
overloaded. There are cascading outages. Load shedding may be taken, to
save as much of the system as possible.

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 States of Security Analysis

• Restorative State: Under this state, the operator performs control actions
to restore all system loads. Depending on different cases, the system can
reach either normal or alert state.

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Load Flow

Image source[3]
4
IEEE 14 Bus General Layout

Image source[2]
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IEEE 14 Bus Data-1
REACTIVE POWER
BUS VOLTAGE GENERATION LOAD
LIMITS
BUS
NUMBER MAGNITUDE Real Reactive Real Reactive
Phase Angle QMIN QMAX
Power Power Power Power
(p.u.) (degree) (MVAR) (MVAR)
(MW) (MVAR) (MW) (MVAR)
1 1.06 0 114.17 -16.9 0 0 0 10
2 1.045 0 40 0 21.7 12.7 -42 50
3 1.01 0 0 0 94.2 19.1 23.4 40
4 1 0 0 0 47.8 -3.9 -- --
5 1 0 0 0 7.6 1.6 -- --
6 1 0 0 0 11.2 7.5 -- --
7 1 0 0 0 0 0 -- --
8 1 0 0 0 0 0 -- --
9 1 0 0 0 29.5 16.6 -- --
10 1 0 0 0 9 5.8 -- --
11 1 0 0 0 3.5 1.8 -- --
12 1 0 0 0 6.1 1.6 -- --
13 1 0 0 0 13.8 5.8 -- --
14 1 0 0 0 14.9 5 -- -- source[1]
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IEEE 14 Line Data-2
LINE IMPEDANCE (p.u.)
LINE FROM TO HALF LINE CHARGING MVA
NUMBER BUS BUS SUSCEPTANCE (p.u.) RATING
RESISTANCE REACTANCE

1 1 2 0.01938 0.05917 0.02640 120

2 1 5 0.05403 0.22304 0.0219 65
3 2 3 0.04699 0.19797 0.0187 36
4 2 4 0.05811 0.17632 0.0246 65
5 2 5 0.05695 0.17388 0.017 50
6 3 4 0.06701 0.17103 0.0173 65
7 4 5 0.01335 0.04211 0.0064 45
8 4 7 0 0.20912 0 55
9 4 9 0 0.55618 0 32
10 5 6 0 0.25202 0 45
11 6 11 0.09498 0.1989 0 18
12 6 12 0.12291 0.25581 0 32
13 6 3 0.06615 0.13027 0 32
14 7 8 0 0.17615 0 32
15 7 9 0 0.11001 0 32
16 9 10 0.03181 0.0845 0 32
17 9 14 0.12711 0.27038 0 32
18 10 11 0.08205 0.19207 0 12
19 12 13 0.22092 0.19988 0 12
20 13 14 0.17093 0.34802 0 12 source[1]
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 RESULTS COMPARISION

OUR DATA STD DATA OUR DATA STD DATA OUR DATA STD DATA OUR DATA STD DATA OUR DATA STD DATA OUR DATA STD DATA OUR DATA STD DATA OUR DATA STD DATA
Name Node kV V % v ° Angle U MW P Load MVar Q Load MW P Gen MVar Q Gen
Node Nam e V kV v % Angle U ° P Load MW Q Load MVar P Gen MW Q Gen MVar
B-1 BUS_1 69.0 69 73.14 100 106 0 0 0 0 7.959 14.88 234.742 232.597 0 0
B-2 BUS_2 69.0 67.785 72.105 98.24 104.5 -5.7 -5 21.7 21.7 12.7 12.7 40 40 50 49.157
B-3 BUS_3 69.0 65.8 69.69 95.36 101 -14.7 -12.8 94.2 94.2 19 19 0 0 40 27.578
B-4 BUS_4 69.0 65.055 69.803 94.28 101.16 -11.6 -10.2 47.8 47.8 4 4 0 0 0 0
B-5 BUS_5 69.0 65.396 70.09 94.78 101.58 -9.9 -8.7 7.6 7.6 1.6 1.6 0 0 0 0
B-6 BUS_6 13.8 13.716 14.766 99.39 107 -16.5 -14.4 11.2 11.2 7.5 7.5 0 0 24 22.979
B-7 BUS_7 13.8 13.298 14.46 96.36 104.78 -15 -13.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B-8 BUS_8 18.0 4.737 19.561 26.32 108.67 -15 -13.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 24
B-9 BUS_9 13.8 13.097 14.238 94.91 103.17 -16.9 -14.8 29.5 29.5 16.6 16.6 0 0 0 0
B-10 BUS_10 13.8 13.093 14.226 94.88 103.09 -17.2 -15 9 9 5.8 5.8 0 0 0 0
B-11 BUS_11 13.8 13.347 14.444 96.72 104.66 -17 -14.8 3.5 3.5 1.8 1.8 0 0 0 0
B-12 BUS_12 13.8 13.463 14.536 97.56 105.33 -17.5 -15.3 6.1 6.1 1.6 1.6 0 0 0 0
B-13 BUS_13 13.8 13.362 14.446 96.83 104.68 -17.5 -15.3 13.5 13.5 5.8 5.8 0 0 0 0
B-14 BUS_14 13.8 12.938 14.076 93.75 102 -18.4 -16.1 14.9 14.9 5 5 0 0 0 0

ZOOM

OPEN ENTIRE
RESUTS

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RESULTS COMPARISION

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RESULTS COMPARISION

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RESULTS COMPARISION

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14-BUS SYSTEM LAYOUT (NEPLAN)

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Necessity of Contingency Analysis

• Improving system reliability

• For secured operation
• For future planning and expansion

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Different mathematical techniques

1) Gauss Seidel Method.

2) Newton Raphson Method.
3) Decoupled method.
4) Fast decoupled method.

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Fast decoupled Load Flow

1. Under normal steady state operation, the voltage magnitudes are

all nearly equal to 1.0.
2. As the transmission lines are mostly reactive, the conductances
are quite small as com-pared to the susceptance 𝐺𝑖𝑗≪𝐵𝐼𝑗.
3. Under normal steady state operation the angular differences
among the bus voltages are quite small.
4. The injected reactive power at any bus is always much less than
the reactive power consumed by the elements connected to this
bus when these elements are shorted to the ground.

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Fast decoupled Load Flow

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Contingency Analysis Flow Chart

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Contingency Analysis Results

Generator 2 removed

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Contingency Analysis Results

Generator 2 removed

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Contingency Analysis Results

Removed bus 13,15,16

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Contingency Analysis Results

Removed bus 13,15,16

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Contingency Analysis Results

Transformer 3 removed

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TO KNOW THE ROAD AHEAD, ASK THOSE COMING BACK.
 Refrences

1 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

IJERT ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 3 Issue 4, April – 2014
Gaganpreet Kaur, S. K Bath, B. S Sidhu
2 Source[1]:-DATA SHEETS FOR IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM (External link available)
3 Image source[2]:- Illinois Center for a Smarter Electric Grid (ICSEG)
4 Image source[3]:- THAI-GERMAN GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
5 P P Pattanaik , C K Panigrahi “Stability and Fault Analysis in a power network considering IEEE 14
bus system” in IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number:CFP18J06-ART, ISBN:978-1-5386-0807-4;
KIIT University, Bhubaneswar-751024 (Odisha)
6 Nagrath, I.J and Kothari, D.P, (2006), Power System
Engineering”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited
7 Slide Courtesy:- Dr Akhilesh Nimje, institute of technology, Nirma University.

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