*RESEARCH

A blessed happy day everyone!

Dr. Eleanor B. Remo

 *RESEARCH

“People stop playing because they grow

old, but people grow old because they stop
playing.”
RESEARCH
At this point, can you truly
say that you do know what
you are going to do with
your research?
“Research is creating
new ________.”

Neil Armstrong
 RESEARCH
= a systematic and refined technique of
thinking, employing specialized tools,
instruments, and procedures in order to
obtain a more adequate solution to a
problem that would be possible
 RESEARCH
=a systematic, controlled,
empirical, inquiry,
subject-topic, problem-solving
and method
 Goals
of Research:
*Principal Goal
*Specific Goals
 PRINCIPAL RESEARCH GOAL:
= preservation and improvement
of the quality
of human life
SPECIFIC GOALS OF RESEARCH:
1. Discover new facts of known
phenomena.
2. Find solution to problems that are
only partially solved.
3. Improve or develop new products.
SPECIFIC GOALS OF RESEARCH:
4. Discover unrecognized substances or
elements.
5. Validate generalizations into systematic
order.
6. Provide basis for decision-making in
any undertaking.
SPECIFIC GOALS OF RESEARCH:
7. Satisfy the researcher’s curiosity.
8. Acquire better and deeper understanding
about one phenomenon to another.
9. Verify existing knowledge.
10. Promote health and prolong life.
SPECIFIC GOALS OF RESEARCH:
11. Improve educational practices
by raising the quality of school
products.
12. Enhance man’s basic life.
*CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:

1. Empirical- based on direct

experience or observation by
the researcher
*CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:

2. Logical- based on valid

procedures and principles
*CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:

3. cyclical- starts with a problem

and ends with a problem
*CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:

4. Analytical-utilizes proven
analytical procedures in
gathering data, whether
historical, descriptive,
experimental or any
alternative research methods
*CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:

5. Replicability- the research

design and procedures are
replicated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid
and conclusive results
*CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:

6. Critical- research exhibits

careful and precise judgment
KINDS AND CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH:

* There are many kinds of

research which are classified
according to their distinctive
features. Some of the
classifications are as follows:
1. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE:

1.1. Predictive or prognostic

= has the purpose to determine
the future operation of the variables
under investigation with the aim of
controlling or redirecting such for
the better
1. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE:

1.2. Directive
= determines what should be
done based on the findings
1. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE:

1.3. Illuminative
= concerned with the
interaction of the components of
the variable being investigated
2. ACCORDING TO GOAL:

2.1. Basic or Pure

= done for the development
of theories and principles
2. ACCORDING TO GOAL:

2.2. Applied
= the application of the
results of pure research
= testing the efficiency of
theories and principles
3. ACCORDING TO THE LEVEL OF INVESTIGATIONS

3.1. Exploratory
= the researcher studies the
variables pertinent to a specific
situation
3. ACCORDING TO THE LEVEL OF INVESTIGATIONS

3.2. Descriptive
= the researcher studies the
relationships of the variables
3. ACCORDING TO THE LEVEL OF INVESTIGATIONS

3.3. Experimental
= the researcher studies the
effects of the variables on each
other
4. ACCORDING TO THE TYPES OF ANALYSIS

4.1. Analytic Approach

= the researcher attempts to
identify and isolate the
components of the research
situation
4. ACCORDING TO THE TYPES OF ANALYSIS

4.2. Holistic Approach

= begins with the total
situation, focusing attention on
the system first and on its internal
relationships
5. ACCORDING TO SCOPE:
5.1. Action Research
= involves the application of the steps of the
scientific method in the classroom problems
= seeks more dependable and appropriate
means of promoting and evaluating growth in line
with specific and general objectives and attempts
to improve practices without reference to whether
findings would be applicable beyond the group
studied or not
6. ACCORDING TO CHOICE OF ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS:

6.1. Evaluation
= these are all possible
courses of action, which are
specified and identified in which
researchers try to find out the
most advantageous
6. ACCORDING TO CHOICE OF ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS:

6.2. Developmental
= focuses on the findings or
developing a more suitable
instrument or process than has
been available
8. ACCORDING TO TIME ALLOTMENT:

8.1. Historical research describes

what was
8.2. Descriptive research
describes what is
8.3. Experimental research
describes what will be
7. ACCORDING TO STATISTICAL CONTENT:

7.1. Quantitative or Statistical

Research
= one in which inferential
statistics are utilized to determine
the results of the study
7. ACCORDING TO STATISTICAL CONTENT:

7.2. Non-Quantitative Research

= used for quantity or
statistics, which is practically nil
9. ACCORDING TO THE TYPES AND KINDS OF RESEARCH :

This focuses on the area or

field of activity.
9. ACCORDING TO THE TYPES AND KINDS OF RESEARCH :

9.1. Proprietary Research

= conducted for a specific
audience and is not shared beyond
that evidence
9. ACCORDING TO THE TYPES AND KINDS OF RESEARCH :

9.2. Scholarly Research

= promotes public access to
knowledge
9. ACCORDING TO THE TYPES AND KINDS OF RESEARCH :

9.3. Behavioral Research

= based on the belief that
objective knowledge is obtained
through careful and systematic
observation and measurement of
what people do
9. ACCORDING TO THE TYPES AND KINDS OF RESEARCH :

9.4. Phenomenological Research

= based on the belief that
what people do depends on what
they perceive or what goes on
their minds
9. ACCORDING TO THE TYPES AND KINDS OF RESEARCH :

9.5. Communication Research

= an investigation of the five
communication elements where
possibly, some research problems
may be analyzed such as:
9. ACCORDING TO THE TYPES AND KINDS OF RESEARCH :
9.5.1. Control Analysis (source) = refers
to the performance of the communicator

9.5.2. Content Analysis (Message) =

determines the nature and characteristics
of message
9. ACCORDING TO THE TYPES AND KINDS OF RESEARCH :
9.5.3. Media Analysis (Channel) = refers to the
media’s comparative advantages, media features,
and costs

9.5.4. Audience Analysis (Receiver) = concerns

audience behavior, tastes, interests, opinions, where
they reach and can be conducted on feedback level,
audience level and expectations
9. ACCORDING TO THE TYPES AND KINDS OF RESEARCH :
9.5.5. Impact Analysis (Effects) = this is to know
the current trends in such areas as community
media system, information diffusion, media
socialization, children and television, and media
motives, uses and gratifications and can be done
on an awareness, attitude, change, behavior
change and practice level
THE TEACHER AS A RESEARCHER :
Teachers need to assume the responsibility of examining
their own practices
Research:
1. Reduces the gap between findings and classroom
practices.
2. Creates a problem-solving mind that helps teachers
when they consider other classroom dilemmas.
3. Improves teachers’ instructional decision-making
process.
THE TEACHER AS A RESEARCHER :
Teachers need to assume the responsibility of
examining their own practices
Research:
4. Increases the professional status of teachers.
5. Helps empower teachers in their own profession at
classroom, institutional, district, regional and national
levels.
6. Offers the overriding and ultimate advantage of
providing the potential for improving the educational
process for children
THE TEACHER AS A RESEARCHER :

* The research procedures that

are typically associated with the
idea of a teacher are the
qualitative and action research.
*The researcher:
STEPS TO BE OBSERVED IN RESEARCHING ON A PROBLEM:

1. selects a problem area and specifies research

questions
2. examines and researches data bases to review
existing results and define terms
3. formulates researchable questions at this point
returns to the questions about answering one
or more of them
*The researcher:
STEPS TO BE OBSERVED IN RESEARCHING ON A PROBLEM:

4. Selects a research design

5. Determines the research method
* Includes three common aspects
that she must determine:
5.1. Where and when the research will occur
STEPS TO BE OBSERVED IN RESEARCHING ON A PROBLEM:

5.2. With whom specifically the research

will be done
5.3. with what device (pupils’ characteristic
and their writings) it will be assessed
5.4. how she will analyze the information
and data collected
*The researcher:
STEPS TO BE OBSERVED IN RESEARCHING ON A PROBLEM:

6. Describes and selects the

respondents to be used in the
study
7. Selects tests (to score the
pupils’ writing)
*The researcher:
STEPS TO BE OBSERVED IN RESEARCHING ON A PROBLEM:

8. Conducts the study

9. Analyzes the data and determines
the implications of the researches
10. Publishes the results of her study
 Some Technical
Terms in Research
1. variable= anything in a
IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH:

research situation that varies

and can be measured
2. Research design= the plan
used to study a problem or
issue
*Basic research designs based on
IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH:

the way data and information are

collected, synthesized and
analyzed:
2.1. Quantitative Research
(statistical data analysis)
2.2. Qualitative Research (non-
IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH:

statistical data analysis

3. hypothesis= a tentative
statement about how one or more
variables are related
4. subjects= the particular individuals
IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH:

used in the research

5. Control group= the group of subjects
in experimental research that is not
receiving the experimental conditions
or treatment (comparison group)
6. correlation=
IMPORTANTa measure
TERMS of the extent
USED IN RESEARCH:

to which two or more variables have a

systematic relationship
7. Dependent variable= the variable
that the researchers acted upon ,and
whose value may change as result of
the experimental treatment
 IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH:
8. independent variable= the
influencing variable in experimental
research, the one to which researcher
attributes causation (experimental
variable) which each research project
is unique in some ways, all projects
* RESEARCH PROCESS
RESEARCH PROCESS
Research = concerned with gathering data that can
help us answer questions about various aspects of
society and thus can enable us to understand
society
= a process of systematically collecting
information about an identified problem,
analyzing the data, and on the basis of the
evidence, conforming or refuting a prior
prediction
 UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH AS A PROCESS

* To insure maximum consistency

and efficiency, there are certain
steps that must be observed in
researching on a problem:
 RESEARCH PROCESS:

1. Problem Discovery and Definition

*Defining a problem may be more
difficult than solving it.
*A “problem well-defined is a problem
half solved”.
 RESEARCH PROCESS:

2. Planning the Research Design

*This is a master plan specifying the methods and
procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed
information
*Included here: objectives of the study, the source of
information, the design technique (survey or experiment),the
sampling methodology, and the schedule and cost of
research
 RESEARCH PROCESS:

* Four basic design techniques for descriptive and

causal research: surveys, experiments, secondary
data and observation
* To choose the design technique: consider the
objectives of the study, the available data sources,
the urgency of the decision, and the cost of
obtaining the data
 RESEARCH PROCESS::
3. Sampling
*Included in the Research Design, but the actual sampling is a separate
stage of the research process
*Involves procedures that use a small number of items or that use parts
of the population to make a conclusion regarding the whole population.
*A sample is a subset from a larger population.
*How big should the sample be? Large samples are more precise than
small ones, but if proper probability sampling is implemented, a small
proportion of the total population will give a reliable measure of the whole.
 RESEARCH PROCESS::

4. Data Collection
*Follows right after the Research design has been
formalized, the process of gathering information from
respondents may begin.
*There are many research techniques and methods of data
collection.
*When Survey Method is utilized, some form of direct
participation by the Respondents is necessary during the process.
 RESEARCH PROCESS::

*Two phases of collecting data:

4.1. the pre-testing phase (a small scale pre-
test)
4.2. the main study (the core of the process
and the next stage after the pre-testing phase)
 RESEARCH PROCESS::

5.Data Processing and Data Analysis

*After the fieldwork has been completed,
the data must be converted into a format that
will answer the decision maker’s questions.
*Generally begins with the editing and
coding of the data.
 RESEARCH PROCESS::

5.Data Processing and Data Analysis

*Analysis is the application of logic to understand
and interpret the data that have been collected about
a subject.
*Statistical analysis may range from portraying a
simple frequency distribution to very complex
multivariate analysis.
 RESEARCH PROCESS:

6. Conclusions and Report Presentation

*The final stage that interprets the
information and make conclusions for
decisions.
 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
AND ITS OBJECTIVES
The Research Problem
Sources: 1. Actual problem encountered
2. Technological changes and circular developments
3. The graduate academic experience
4. Consultation
5. Specialization
6. Analysis of an area of knowledge
7. Consideration of existing practices and needs
8. Repetition or extension of investigation
9. Off-shoots of studies underway
 VARIABLE
*Variable= a quantity or a characteristic that
has two or more mutually exclusive values or
properties of objects or people that can be
classified, measured or labeled in different
ways
 CHARACTERISTICS
OF VARIABLE:
1. An observable characteristic of a person or
objects being studied
2. Capable of assuming several values
representing a certain category
3. Raw data or figures gathered by a researcher
for statistical purposes
 CHARACTERISTICS
OF VARIABLE:

4. May arise from counting and or from

measurement
5. Are the predicted values of one variable on
the basis of another
 GUIDELINES IN WRITING
THE TITLE:
1. Should be clear and specifically stated
2. Main concepts should be included: subject
matter of the study, the place of the study,
the population involved, the period when
the data were gathered
 GUIDELINES IN WRITING
THE TITLE:
3. Variables being investigated should always be written as part
of the title
4. Number of words should not exceed twenty substantive
words
5. Title phrasing like- Study of…, An analysis… etc. are to be
avoided
6. If the title contains more than one line, it must be written like
an inverted pyramid, and all words should be in capital letters
 GUIDELINES IN WRITING
THE TITLE:
*Example:
Subject matter- The Teaching of
Science
Locale of the Study- High Schools of the
Province of Batangas
Population Involved- The Science Teachers
and the Students
Period of the Study- School Year 2016-2017
 GUIDELINES IN WRITING
THE TITLE:
*Complete Title:

THE TEACHING of SCIENCE in the

HIGH SCHOOLS of the PROVINCE of
BATANGAS as PERCEIVED by the SCIENCE
TEACHERS during the
SCHOOL YEAR 2016-2017
 GUIDELINES IN WRITING
THE TITLE:
*A Brief and Concise Form of the Title:

THE TEACHING of SCIENCE in the

HIGH SCHOOLS of the PROVINCE
of BATANGAS
 WRITING CHAPTER 1-
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
1. The Introduction (can be composed of three
paragraphs or more)- introduces the study and
justify the problem, tells the readers the scope
and coverage of the study, intrigues and
challenges the readers to become interested in
knowing the results of the study
- a 2-3 page discussion
 WRITING CHAPTER 1-
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
2. Statement of the Problem
*Guidelines: 1. should be stated both in general and in
specific terms
2. is always in question form
3. the problem should be stated in the
infinitive to such as examine, analyze, determine,
measure, assess, evaluate, recommend, find out,etc. (4-5)
4. specific questions-how, will, what
 WRITING CHAPTER 1-
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Example:
This study was conducted to investigate all aspects
of the Teaching of Science in the High Schools of the
Province of Abra during the School Year 2002-2003
as Perceived by the Science Teachers.
Specifically, the study attempted to answer the
following questions:
 *Samples of Statements
of the Problem (SOPs) or
Research Problems
 WRITING CHAPTER 1-
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
1. How do the respondents’ profile be described in
terms of:
1.1. educational qualifications
1.2. field of specialization
1.3. kind of examination taken
1.4. number of years in teaching science
2. How effective are the methods and strategies used
by the respondents in teaching science?
 WRITING CHAPTER 1-
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

3. How adequate are the instructional and

facilities for the teaching of science?
4. How adequate are the forms of supervisory
assistance extended to the respondents relative
to the teaching of science?
 WRITING CHAPTER 1-
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

5. What problems are being encountered by the

respondents?
6. What suggestions are offered by the
respondents to improve the teaching of
science?
 WRITING CHAPTER 1-
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
3. Assumptions
*A statement related to the problem, which is presumed
to be true on the basis of observation or experience
*Example: Specific Problem- How qualified are the
teachers handling science?
Implicit (unwritten) Assumption- There are
certain qualifications that one should possess before he
can teach science.
 WRITING CHAPTER 1-
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

4. Hypothesis
*Understood as:
a statement of what one expects to find
a statement to be proven
an initial answer to the research questions
an expected relationship between
variables
 WRITING CHAPTER 1-
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

5. Importance or Significance of the Study

*Where the significant contributions of the
results of the study are enumerated
 WRITING CHAPTER 1-
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

6. Scope and Delimitation of the Study

*The boundaries or coverage of the study in term
of subjects, objectives, facilities, area, time frame,
and the issues to which the research is focused.
*The delimitations of the study defines the
constraints or weaknesses, which are not within the
control of the researcher , therefore, they are not
covered by the study.
 WRITING CHAPTER 1-
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

7. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

*Some researchers use both of these, but it
is advisable to use only one.
*Both provide clear explanations
regarding the relationships of the variables.
*A legal basis to describe properly the
process of the study.
 WRITING CHAPTER 2-
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
AND STUDIES
*The researcher needs to review the write-ups,
readings, and studies related to the present study in order
to determine the similarities and differences of the
findings between the past and present studies
*Related Readings- the major sources are laws and
department, directives ( circulars, orders, and
memoranda), which are related to the present study
- arranged in chronological
order from past to present
 WRITING CHAPTER 2-
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
AND STUDIES

*Related Literature- Any written matter

such as book, journal, magazine, novel, poetry,
yearbook, and encyclopedia are literature.
*Example
Peters (1993) claims that job-related stress
can enhance productivity…
 WRITING CHAPTER 2-
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
AND STUDIES
*Related Studies- In contrast to related literature are
works based on empirical data
*Relevance or Justification of the Reviewed Literature
and Studies with the Present Study
Examples:1. The related literature included in this study has
significant relationship with the future study in the sense
that…
2. The study conducted by…provided a
 WRITING CHAPTER 3-
METHODS OF RESEARCH AND
PROCEDURES

*This chapter of the research process contains a

comprehensive description of the
1. research methodology (the overall process of formulating
the theoretical and the conceptual framework, the
operationalization of variables, methods of data collection,
and data analysis and interpretation), and
2. research design (the specific format and procedures for
data collection and data analysis and interpretation)
 WRITING CHAPTER 3-
METHODS OF RESEARCH AND
PROCEDURES

3. Samples and Sampling Procedures

*Sampling= the process of selecting a
representative portion of the population that
can be the source of data to test the hypothesis
 WRITING CHAPTER 3-
METHODS OF RESEARCH AND
PROCEDURES

4. Research Instruments

*Questionnaire= a set of orderly arranged

questions, carefully prepared to answer the
specific problems of the study
 WRITING CHAPTER 3-
METHODS OF RESEARCH AND
PROCEDURES

5. Validation of the Instruments

*Suggestions, corrections, and refinement of
the draft may be explained thoroughly.
*After the refinement of the instrument,
testing the validity and reliability of the
instrument may be done
 WRITING CHAPTER 3-
METHODS OF RESEARCH AND
PROCEDURES

6. Data-gathering Procedure
*Includes asking permission and approval
from the head of the agency, then
administering the research instrument to the
subjects, retrieval of the research instrument
 WRITING CHAPTER 3-
METHODS OF RESEARCH AND
PROCEDURES

7. Data Processing or Statistical Treatment of data

*This is the processing of raw data into quantitative
and qualitative forms.

*Data was presented in tabulated forms, analyzed, and

interpreted using statistical techniques and procedures like-
frequency distribution, weighted mean, percentage etc.
 WRITING CHAPTER 4-
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA

*Data Presentation

Includes :Tabular presentation,

Graphical Presentation,
Analysis,
Interpretation of Data, and
Implications of the Findings of
the Study
 WRITING CHAPTER 5-
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
*Includes:

1. General Summary of the Study- the summary of statement of

the problem, assumptions, hypothesis, research design, sampling
design and techniques, the subjects, the research instruments,
validation of the research instruments, data gathering procedures,
data processing method, and statistical treatment.
2. Summary of Findings- summarizes the results based on
Chapter 4
 WRITING CHAPTER 5-
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

*Includes:
3. Conclusions= the dovetails with the findings of
the study
4. Recommendations= based on the conclusions
5. Bibliography= the concluding section of any
research where listing of source of materials are
alphabetically arranged
 *My profound gratitude
everyone,
and
may the Heavenly Father keep us
in the palm
of His hand!