People who can influence the

behavior of others without The Trait Approach sees the personal

Leader characteristic of an individual as the main
having to rely on force OR determinants of how successful that individual
those accepted by others could be as a leader.

The Trait Approach Leaders are born, not made.

The process of directing the behavior

• Comparing the traits of those who have emerged as
of others toward the accomplishment Leading Researchers have
taken two approaches leaders with the traits of those who have not.
of some objective or causing Chapter 6: • Comparing the traits of effective leaders with those
Leading of ineffective leaders.
individuals to act in a certain way or to
follow a particular course.

 Control over • Physical characteristics (such as height and appearance)

TRAIT FOCUS APPROACH
information. • Personality (such as self-esteem, dominance and emotional stability)
 PRO • Aptitudes (general intelligence, verbal fluency and creativity)

 Power that stems from INFORMATION

 Power to discipline, punish &
formal authority. withhold rewards.
 JPJ/PDRM/JAS  Lecturers-students
• Drive
Achievement, sense of responsibility, ambition, energy, tenacity and
LEGITIMATE COERCIVE Traits of Successful Leaders initiative.
• Motivation
POSITION Especially power.
• Honesty and integrity
• Self confidence
SOURCES OF Persuasive, diplomatic and socially skilled.
POWER Power • Conceptual ability
• Business knowledge

PERSONAL

REFERENT
REWARD
 Ability to influence others  Derived from control over tangible
based on personal liking, benefits example promotion, work
charisma & reputation. schedule.
 Dr. Mahathir - MSC  Pengarah Kampus UiTM
EXPERT

 Power to influence another person because

of expert knowledge and competence.
 Doctor/Engineer/Lawyer.
‘Initiating structure’ (task orientation) leadership behavior.
Structure behavior – establishes well-defined procedures that CONTINGENCY
the followers should adhere to in performing their jobs.

‘Consideration’ (employee-oriented) leadership behavior.

Consideration behavior – reflects friendship, mutual trust,
respect, and warmth in the relationship between leader THE
and followers. BEHAVIOUR APPROACH Hersey Blanchard Life Cycle Theory
OF
LEADERSHIP
The Ohio State University 1st Phase (Telling/ Directing)
• Followers must be instructed on what, how, when and where to do various tasks.
• The manager initiates decision-making.
2nd Phase (Selling/ Coaching)
• Leader still provides a great deal of direction but attempts to hear followers’ feelings about
Production-Centered Behavior four phases
decision, ideas and suggestions.
Is leader behavior that focuses • Control over decision-making remains with the leader.
primarily on how well subordinate 3rd Phase (Participating/Supporting)
performing their job. • Employees have more ability and achievement motivation.
The Michigan University Studies • Actively seeking greater responsibility.
• Leaders provide recognition and actively listen and facilitate problem solving.
Employee-Centered Behavior • Decision-making and problem solving shifts from leader to follower.
is leader behavior that focuses primarily 4th Phase (Delegating)
on subordinates as people. • Followers no longer need direction from managers.
• Leaders can reduce the amount of support and encouragement.
• Decision making totally delegated to the follower.

The Path-Goal Theory

Emphasizing the leader’s role in clarifying for
subordinates how they can achieve high
performance and its associated rewards
Managerial Grid
4 primary types of behavior
1. Directive Behavior is leader behavior aimed at telling
followers what to do and how to do it.
2. Supportive Behavior is leader behavior aimed at being
friendly with followers and showing interest in them as
human being
3. Participative Behavior is leader behavior in which
suggestions from the follower are sought regarding
business operations with the result that are involved in
making important organizational decision
4. Achievement Behavior is leader behavior aimed at
setting challenging goals for followers to reach and
expressing and demonstrating confidence that followers
will meet the challenge