Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Date: 22/10/2013
• Vessels, tanks, and pipelines that carry, store, or receive fluids are called
pressure vessels.
• A pressure vessel is defined as a container with a pressure differential between
inside and outside.
• The inside pressure is usually higher than the outside, except for some isolated
situations.
• Pressure vessels often have a combination of high pressures together with high
temperatures.
• Because of such hazards it is imperative that the design be such that no leakage
can occur.
• Pressure vessels and tanks are, in fact, essential to the chemical, petroleum,
petrochemical and nuclear industries. It is in this class of equipment that the
reactions, separations, and storage of raw materials occur.
CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL [3]
Pressure vessel
Horizontal/Vertical Fired/Unfired
COMPONENTS OF PRESSURE VESSELS
i. Shell
ii. Heads
iii. Nozzles
iv. Stiffening rings
v. Supports
Head
• All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or another
shell section).
• Heads are typically curved rather than flat.
• Curved configurations are stronger and allow the heads to be thinner,
lighter, and less expensive than flat heads. Heads are usually categorized by
their shapes.
Fig: Different types of heads.
(Modified from ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, ASME, New York.)
Support
• The type of support that is used depends primarily on the size
and orientation of the pressure vessel.
• the pressure vessel support must be adequate for the applied
weight, wind, and earthquake loads.
• Typical kinds of supports are as follow:
a. Skirt
b. Leg
Leg
c. Saddle
d. Lug
Saddle
Stiffener Rings
• Rings made of flat bar or plate or structural shapes welded around the
Circumference of the vessel.
• These rings are installed on vessels operating under external pressure to
prevent collapse of the vessel.
Fig:
Screenshot of
PV-Elite Software
2. Impact Testing‐
• The impact testing of materials is done to take care of low temperature service.
This is because the material tend to become more brittle at low temperature.
• Charpy V notch impact test is the most common type of test used.
3. Stresses in Pressure
Vessels
Mainly there are 2 types of stresses involved in a pressure vessel
1. Primary stress
Primary stresses are generally due to internal or external pressure or produced
by sustained external forces and moments.
These stresses act over the full cross section of the vessel. They are produced
by mechanical loads and are the most hazardous of all types of stress.
5. CORROSION:
• If excessive corrosion occurs than material thickness will decrease
constantly and after a certain limit the material will fail
• Due to this the vessels are provided with corrosion allowance thickness.
Generally taken 3mm at inside boundary layer.
• At outside some corrosion resistant material are used to prevent the
rusting.
4. Design of Shell
VESSEL NOMENCLATURE
Pe
Pi
1 2
SHELL UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
Calculate internal
design pressure
P = Pi + Pliquid level
𝑃𝑟
𝜎 h𝑜𝑜𝑝= 𝑃𝑟
𝑡 𝜎 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 =
2𝑡
𝑷𝑹 𝒊 𝑷 𝑹𝒊
𝒕=
( 𝑺𝑬− 𝟎 . 𝟔 𝑷) 𝒕=
(𝟐 𝑺𝑬+ 𝟎 . 𝟒 𝑷)
Design of cylindrical shell under
external pressure
•• Designing
vessels for external pressure is an iterative
procedure [8].
6) When A falls to the left of the curves, the value of Pa is determined from
2 𝐴𝐸
𝑎= 𝐷
𝑃
3 (𝑡) 𝑜
When Do/t is less than 10, the allowable external pressure is taken as the
smaller of the values determined from the following two equations:
Total internal pressure, P = pressure inside the vessel+ pressure due to liquid
Step-2: Calculate the minimum shell thickness considering hoop or
circumferential stress when the shell is under internal pressure.
SUMMARY OF DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SHELL
Step-3: Calculate the minimum shell thickness considering longitudinal stress
when the shell is under internal pressure.
Step-4: Select the maximum thickness as obtained from the step-1 & 2.
Follow the steps as described in the section design of cylindrical shell under
external pressure.
SUMMARY OF DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SHELL
Step-6(a) Select a new thickness and repeat step-4 to 6 for calculating allowable
pressure
iii) Repeat step-4 to 6 for calculating allowable pressure using new value
of L.
Fig: A pressure vessel with the use of stiffening rings. [8]
Calculation Program using Mathcad.
2. J. Philip Ellenberger PE, Robert Chuse, Bryce E. Carson Sr., Pressure Vessels – The ASME code simplified,
8th edition, Mc Graw- Hill Professional Engineering
3. B.S.Thakkar, S.A.Thakkar, DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL USING ASME CODE, SECTION VII
DIVISON 1, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies, 2012.
4. Ghader Ghanbari, Mohammad Ali Liaghat, Ali Sadeghian, “Pressure Vessel Design, Guides & Procedures”
5. Dennis R. Moss, Pressure Vessel Design Manual, 3rd Edition-2004, Gulf Professional Publishing (An
imprint of Elsevier)
8. Henry H. Bednar, Pressure Vessel Design Handbook, 2nd Edition-1991. Krigerer Publishing company
9. James R. Farr and Maan H. Jawad, Guidebook for the design of ASME Section VIII pressure vessels, 2nd
Edition-2001, ASME Press New York.
10. An international code 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, 2010 Edition, VII Section VIII, Div.1,
Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels, ASME New York
Thank You