CHAPTER 2

CONTENT AND
CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
OF SELECTED PRIMARY
RESOURCES
 A Brief Overview
• Complete knowledge of the past by means of
credible and reliable resources.
• History must be studied carefully.
• Why use Historical Method?
• Content evaluation is a systematic evaluation of
the primary sources.
• Contextual analysis considers the time, place,
situation, its relevance to society and the author’s
background.
 Lesson 1

FIRST VOYAGE
AROUND THE
WORLD
Antonio Pigafetta
 Antonio Pigafetta
• A Venetian scholar and explorer.
• 15th Century- period of discovery and
expansionism.
•  Joined the expedition to the Spice Islands led by
explorer Ferdinand Magellan under the flag of
King Charles I of Spain.
• During the expedition, he served as Magellan's
assistant and kept an accurate journal.
• Pigafetta was one of the 18 men who returned to
Spain in 1522.
• Completed the first circumnavigation of the world.
• The historic voyage began in 1519 and was
successfully completed in 1522.
• Antonio Pigafetta’s journal is the lens through
which the voyage of the world can be
apprehended with certainty.
• Lord Stanley of Alderley made the narrative of
the voyage; only the important details were
taken.
Ferdinand Magellan
 Ferdinand Magellan
• Ferdinand Magellan was born about 1480 to a
noble family in Portugal.
• Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese sea
captain who sailed under the Spanish Flag.
• Magellan convinced King Charles I of Spain to
support his voyage to the Spice Islands.
• The government of Spain provided 5 ships for
the Magellan expedition.
 Ferdinand Magellan
• On 20 September 1519 Ferdinand Magellan
led the five Spanish ships and 270 men in
what was to become the first voyage around
the World.
• The names of the 1519 Ferdinand Magellan
Ships were the Trinidad, the San Antonio, the
Conception, the Victoria and the Santiago. 
1. The Santiago wrecked after a terrible storm
off the coast of today’s Argentina.
2. The San Antonio deserted while crossing the
Strait of All Saints in South America and
returned to Spain.
 San Antonio’s crew was able to escape the
gallows adducing Magellan’s cruel despotism.
3. The Concepción was burned in the Philippines
on May 2, 1521 due to her very bad condition
and after 48 sailors, including Magellan, were
killed by natives after taking sides in a local war.
 The rest of the expedition regrouped on the two
remaining ships. Sebastián Elcano was the new
captain.
4. The Trinidad was a flagship.
 Trinidad arrived to the Maluku Islands in a very
bad shape and she remained -together with her
crew- on the island Tidore to be overhauled.
 But she was captured by the Portuguese and
eventually sank during a storm.
5. The Victoria was the only survivor. She made it
around the world.
 Returning with 24 tons of cloves, 18 hands on
board and their captain, Sebastián Elcano. They
had circumnavigated the Earth!
 Battle of Mactan
•  On 16 March 1521, Magellan sighted the mountains
of what is now Samar. 
• The following day, Magellan ordered his men to
anchor their ships on the shores of Homonhon Island.
• Magellan befriended Rajah Kolambu and Rajah Siagu,
king of Limasawa, who guided him to Cebu. There he
met Rajah Humabon, the Rajah of Cebu.
• Then, Rajah Humabon and his queen were baptized
into the Catholic faith, taking the Christian names
Carlos, in honor of King Charles of Spain, and Juana, in
honor of King Charles' mother.
 Battle of Mactan
• As a result of Magellan's influence with Rajah
Humabon, an order was issued to the nearby
chiefs that each of them were to provide food
supplies for the ships, and convert to
Christianity. Most chiefs obeyed the order.
• However, Datu Lapulapu, one of the two chiefs
within the island of Mactan, was the only
chieftain to show his opposition. Lapulapu
refused to accept the authority of Rajah
Humabon in these matters. 
 Battle of Mactan
• Rajah Humabon and Datu Zula suggested to
Magellan to go to the island of Mactan and force
his subject chieftain Datu Lapulapu to comply
with his orders.
•  Magellan saw an opportunity to strengthen the
existing friendship ties with the ruler of
the Visayan region and agreed to help him
subdue the resistant Lapulapu.
• Magellan tried to convince Lapulapu to comply
with Rajah Humabon's orders the night before
the battle.
 Battle of Mactan
•  Magellan deployed forty-nine armored men
with swords, axes, shields, crossbows, and guns,
and sailed for Mactan in the morning of 28 April.
• Because of the rocky outcroppings, and coral
near the beach, the Spanish soldiers could not
land on Mactan.
• Forced to anchor their ships far from shore due
to the shallow water filled with rocks and coral
reefs, Magellan could not bring his ships'
cannons to bear on Lapulapu's warriors, whom
Pigafetta claims numbered more than 1,500.
 Battle of Mactan
• Upon landing, Magellan's small force was
immediately attacked by the natives with a
heavy barrage of ranged weapons, consisting
of arrows, iron-tipped "bamboo" throwing
spears, fire-hardened sticks, and even stones.
• They surrounded Magellan's landing party,
attacking from the front and both flanks.
• The musketeers and crossbowmen on the
boat tried to provide support by firing from
the boats. 
 Battle of Mactan
• Magellan, hoping to ease the attack set fire to some
of the houses, but this only enraged the natives even
more.
•  Magellan was finally hit with a poisoned arrow
through his unarmored legs, at which time the
natives charged the Europeans for close-quarters
combat.
• Many of the warriors specifically attacked Magellan.
In the struggle, he was wounded in the arm with a
spear and in the leg by a large native sword.
• Those who stood beside him were easily
overpowered and killed, while the others who tried
to help him were hacked by spears and swords.
 Battle of Mactan
• With this advantage, Lapulapu's troops finally
overwhelmed and killed Magellan. Pigafetta and a
few others managed to escape.
• According to Pigafetta, several of Magellan's men
were killed in battle, and a number of natives
converted to Catholicism who had come to their
aid were immediately killed by the warriors.
• Magellan's allies, Humabon and Zula, were said not
to have taken part in the battle due to Magellan's
bidding, and they watched from a distance.
 Battle of Mactan
• When the body of Magellan was recovered by the
warriors, Humabon ordered him to return the bodies of
Magellan and some of his crew who were killed, and they
would be given as much merchandise as they wished.
• Lapulapu refused.
• Some of the soldiers who survived the battle and
returned to Cebu were poisoned while attending a feast
given by Humabon.
• Magellan was succeeded by Juan Sebastián Elcano as
commander of the expedition, who ordered the
immediate departure after Humabon's betrayal.
• Elcano and his fleet sailed west and returned to Spain in
1522, completing the first circumnavigation of the world.
3 MAJOR REASONS BEHIND EUROPEAN
EXPEDITIONS

1. Economic Driven- to find resources.

2. Politically Driven- exploit lands.
3. Religious Motive- spread their religion.
• Roman Catholicism
• Protestantism
 EXPIDITION OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

• Great Britain
• Netherlands
• Sweden

Searching for new trading routes to East

Indies to monopolize spice trade.
Portugal

• First country to discover route to East Indies.

• Nobility, Prince Henry founded Maritime
Schools.
• Portugal discovered “Cape of Good Hope”.
• Found Moluccas
Spain
• Discovered another route to East Indies.
• Route:
from Spain
to Atlantic Ocean
to South America
to Pacific Ocean
back to Spain
• Sebastian Del Cano led the ship crews back to
Spain.

• Spain had successfully circumnavigated the

globe.
Asian Spices

CLOVES
Asian Spices

CINNAMON
Asian Spices

NUTMEG
 Lesson 2

CUSTOMS OF THE
TAGALOGS
A narrative on the
established culture of the
Tagalogs in Luzon written
by Juan de Plasencia, a
Franciscan missionary in
the Tagalog region since
1578 until 1590.
Juan de Plasencia
This document was written as an
answer to the request of the
monarchy in Spain which was to
provide pieces of information
about the government,
administration of justice,
inheritances, slaves, dowries,
worship, burials, and
superstitions of the “Indians” in
the colony
Plasencia wrote: “This
people always had chiefs,
called by them datos, who
governed them and were
captains in their wars, and
whom they obeyed and
reverenced.
These chiefs ruled over few
people, even less then
thirty , but sometimes as
many as a hundred houses,
This tribal gathering is
called in Tagalog a
barangay.
There were many barangays in
each town; on account of wars,
they did not settle far from one
another.
They were not subject to one
another except in friendship
and relationship.
The chiefs helped one another
with their respective barangays.
Three Classes
(1) Maharlikas – They did not pay
tax or tribrute to dato. If these
maharlikas had children among
their slaves (spouse is slave) the
mother and the children became
free.
Aliping namamahay 
(translated as "Servant who is
housed") refers to alipin that had
their own houses, which was usually
built on the property of their
masters. They were also known
as tuhay, mamahay,or tumaranpoc
.
Alipin sa gigilid 
(translated as "Servant in the corners of
the master's house") refers to
unmarried alipin without a house and
whose existence was completely
dependent on the graces of their
masters. They were also known
as tomataban, alalay, hayohay,
or ayuey in Visayan (meaning "servant",
"assistant", or "follower")
Slavery
They condemned no one to slavery,
unless he merited the death-penalty. As
for the witches, they killed them, and
their children and accomplices became
slaves of the chief. All other offenses
were punished by fines in gold, if not
paid immediately, the culprit will be the
servant until the payment should be
made.
Debtor
The debtor gives half of his
cultivated lands and profits until he
pays the debt. The debtor is
condemned to a life of toil; and
thus borrowers become slaves, and
after the death of the father they
children pay the debt.
Dowry
Dowries are given by the men to
the women’s parents. If the latter
are living, they enjoy the use of it.
At their death, provided the dowry
has not been consumed, it is
divided like the rest of the estate,
equally among the children.
Unmarried women can own no
property, in land or dowry.
• In all villages, there are no temples
consecrated to the performing of
sacrifices. But they have the name
simbahan, which means temple or
place of adoration; but this is
because, formerly, when they wished
to celebrate a festival they called
“pandot” or “worship” they
celebrated it in a large house of a
chief.
• There they constructed a shed with a
roof (each side of the house) called sibi
for the purpose of sheltering the people.
On the post of the house they set small
lamps called sorihile. The feast lasted for
4 days. During this time, the whole
barangay joined in the worship which
they call nagaanitos. The house, for the
above-mentioned period of time, was
called a temple.
 
Bathala
– they worshipped, signify “all
powerful” and “maker of all things”.
They also worshipped the sun and the
moon.
• Their manner of offering a sacrifice
was to proclaim a feast, and offer to
devil what they had to eat. This was
done in front of their idol, which they
anoint with fragrant perfumes such
as musk and civet or gum of the
storax tree, and other odoriferous
woods, and praise it in poetic songs
sung by the officiating priest, male or
female called catolonan.
Other God and Goddess that they
worship
Idayanale – God of agriculture
Siradapa- God of Death
Agni- Gid of Fire
Balangaw- God of Rainbow
Mandarangan- God of War
Lalahon – God of Harvest
Siginarugan- God of Hell
OTHER PRACTICES
• For young girls who first had their
monthly courses, their eyes were
blindfolded for 4 days and 4
nights.
• At the end of it, the catolonan
took the young girl to the water,
bathed and washed her head,
and remove bandage from their
eyes.
• The old men said that they did
this in order that the girls might:
bear children, have fortune in
finding a husband to their taste,
and who would not leave them
widows in their youth.
• In the other life and mortality,
there was a place of
punishment, grief, and affliction
called “casanaan” which was a
“place of anguish”, all the
wicked went to this place and
dwelt the demons they called
sitan
 Lesson 3

WORKS OF JUAN LUNA

AND FERNANDO
AMORSOLO
HISTORICAL PAINTINGS
are visual representations of concrete
happenings on the life of people in a
specific period. The idea about certain
events and people is communicated or
expressed aesthetically through art with
form, technique, and style. Essentially,
these paintings are instrumental to the
visualization of the reality which stands
equally with texts, photos, caricatures, and
films.
Juan Luna (1857-1899) is best
known for impressive rendition of
classical subjects in his academic
works. These works include
historical scenes and portraiture,
however subsequently he turned
to realism depicting social
inequalities.
JUAN LUNA
SPOLARIUM
SPOLARIUM, 19th Century
This is the most valuable oil-on-
canvass painting with a size of 4.22
meters x 7.675 meters, making it
the largest painting in the
Philippines. It won First Gold
Medal in 1884 as an entry to the
prestigious Exposicion de Bellas
Artes in Madrid, Spain.
The Parisian Life, 1892
The Parisian Life has a “playful” and
“relaxed mood” that does not provide “the
slightest hint of the tumultuous
happenings to come” in Luna's personal
life. The painting presently owned by the
Government Service Insurance System is
currently exhibited at the National
Museum of Fine Arts after the state
pension fund transferred management of
its collection to the National Museum in
March 2012
The three gentlemen dressed in
European garb – top hats and coats – at
the left of the image are Luna himself,
José Rizal, and Ariston Bautista Lin, who
were on an “expedition” during a casual
evening in a café believed to be named
as Maxim’s, brimming with self-
confidence while enjoying a moment
inside the café.
Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972)
Delights people of his impressionistic
technique depicting idyllic country
scenes, beautiful maidens, and
colorfully dressed peasants planting or
harvesting rice. The paintings are
significant in the development of the
formation of Filipino notions to self
and identity.
Antipolo Fiesta, 1947
This oil painting on canvas depicts
a rural scene where a group of
people are shown celebrating a
fiesta in Antipolo. The main focus
is on a pair of dancers in the field
surrounded by revelers both young
and old.
Palay Maiden, 1920
This painting portrays a provincial
Filipina beauty or dalagang bukid
during a rice harvest and dressed
in and developed by the colors of
the Philippine flag.
 Amorsolo does not conform to a
Western standard of beauty
 Lesson 4

THE POLITICAL
CARICATURES
 POLITICAL CARICATURE
• The understanding of politics and society in a
certain period of time can be known and
understood not only through texts but also
through cartoons or caricature.
• A political caricature is a type of drawing that
is used to present a comment, opinion or
criticism on a particular event, person and
situation.
• Political caricature is also known as editorial
cartoon found in newspaper.
 POLITICAL CARICATURE

• Such cartoons play a role in the political

discourse of a society that provides for
freedom of speech and of the press.
• Caricature is rebellious, rough and destructive.
• Primarily opinion-oriented medium.
 Thomas Nast
• Political cartoonists gained currency during
the Civil War, when artist Thomas
Nast created some of the most instantly
recognizable images in U.S. politics including:
Uncle Sam
,the Republican elephant
and the Democratic donkey. 
Thomas Nast
The Republican elephant
and the
Democratic donkey.
Uncle Sam
CARICATURE
ALFRED MCCOY’S PHILIPPINE
CARTOONS: POLITICAL
CARICATURE OF THE
AMERICAN ERA (1900 – 1941)
• Dr Alfred W. McCoy is an American professor
of the SouthEast Asian History at the
University of Wisconsin at Madison where he
also serves as director of the Center for SE
• 1900-41 Philippine political cartoons gained full
expression during the American era. Filipino artists
recorded national attitudes toward the coming of
the Americans as well as the changing mores and
times.
• While the 377 cartoons compiled in this book
speak for themselves, historian Alfred McCoy’s
extensive research in Philippine and American
archives provides a comprehensive background not
only to the cartoons but to the turbulent period as
well.
• The book of McCoy and Roces (1986) was the first
one to legitimize cartoons as sources of Filipino
thoughts and views.
• https://www.slideshare.net/lovelythegreat/ph
ilippine-history-report-146728071
• https://prezi.com/p/ph__5rxnezgp/political-ca
ricatures-of-american-era/
 Lesson 5

THE SPEECH OF
CORAZON AQUINO
Cory Aquino
 Maria Corazon Cojuangco Aquino
(25 January 1933 – 1 August 2009)
• 11th President of the Philippines (1986-1992)
• Wife of Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr.
• The most prominent figure of the 1986 People
Power Revolution, which ended the 20-year
rule of President Ferdinand Marcos.
• Time magazine's Woman of the Year in 1986.
• Commissioned 1987 Philippine Constitution.
• The speech was obtained from an official
gazette, an official journal of the Republic of
the Philippines.
• The speech was delivered before the joint
session of the United States Congress on
September 18, 1986 at the United States
Capitol, Washington D. C., United States of
America
• This was six (6) months after her assumption
into office as the president of the Republic of
the Philippines
• In this, she showed her mutiny and sadness
through addressing the speech when she
finally got the chance. The intended audience
is the Filipino people, as well as the whole
world who witnessed the impoverishment of
the Marcos' administration.
Here are the lines from the late President
Corazon Aquino's speech:

"So in giving, we receive, in losing we find, and

out of defeat, we snatched our victory.“

"A president-turned-dictator, and traitor to his

oath, suspended the Constitution and shut
down the Congress. "
"The dictator already knew that Ninoy was not a
body merely to be imprisoned but a spirit he
must break. “

"But his death was my country's resurrection in

the courage and faith by which alone they could
be free again. "
"I think there is a lesson to be learned about
trying to stifle a thing with the means by which
it grows. “

"Like Lincoln, I understand that force may be

necessary before mercy. Like Lincoln, I don't
relish it. Yet, I will do whatever it takes to defend
the integrity and freedom of my country. "
"Still, we fought for honor, and, if only for honor,
we shall pay.“

"Today, I say, join us, America, as we build a new

home for democracy, another haven for the
oppressed, so it may stand as a shining
testament of our two nation's commitment to
freedom."
 
According to Corazon Aquino, in the Marcos era,

• Armed guerillas in the communist insurgency

grew from 500 to 16,000.
• The Philippines had to reckon everything his
administration had inflicted including the $26-
billion foreign debt.
• She promised to take the responsibilities in
taking care and fighting for the sake of
freedom of the whole country.
• The speech was impassioned, deeply personal
and effective .
• It was interrupted several times by applause
and ended with standing ovations.
• This historic speech was not only made for
praise, but this speech managed to sway in
our favor the vote for an emergency $200-
million aid appropriation towards rebuilding
the Philippine economy.