IRRIGATION

IRRIGATION

• Application of water to soil for purpose of supplying

moisture essential for plant growth (Israelsen, 1979)
• It is achieved to:
• Add water to soil to supply moisture essential for plant growth
• Provide crop insurance against short duration droughts
• Cool soil and atmosphere, making more favorable to plant
growth
• Wash or dilute salt in soil
• Reduce hazard of frost
• Dissolve nutrients present in soil
DRAINAGE

• Natural/artificial removal of excess water from land with

purpose of lowering amount of water in field
• It is achieved to:
• Facilitate early plowing and planting
• Lengthen crop-growing season
• Enhance soil ventilation
• Decrease soil erosion and increase water infiltration
• Provide higher soil temperature
• Improve sanitary and health conditions
IRRIGATION AS SCIENCE

• NOT restricted to application of water to soil

• Covers: water sources, delivery of water to farms
and on drainage channel
• Includes: watersheds that yield irrigation water,
stream that conveys water, management,
distribution, application of water, and drainage
problems arising from irrigation practices
NEED FOR IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

• Annual precipitation in Philippines is about 100

inches on average but this amount is not evenly
distributed throughout the year
• Unpredictable weather condition necessitates
irrigation during dry months
• Drainage is necessary to areas where excessive
runoff is present especially in low lying areas
IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE STRUCTURES

• Most irrigation water came from diversions from

streams and reservoirs which are often at a
distance from land to be irrigated
• Irrigation water has to be conveyed and excess
water has to be safely removed to natural
channels or drainage outlets, making use of
conveyance and control structures necessary to
maintain and control water flows and discharges
CONVEYANCE STRUCTURES

1. Inverted Siphon
2. Road Crossing
3. Drops
4. Chutes
5. Flumes
6. Transition
7. Culverts
8. Lined Canals
 INVERTED SIPHON

• Structure for carrying

water under pressure by
gravity beneath roads,
railroads, rivers or
streams, drainage
channel and depression
• Economical, easy to
design and very reliable
as means of conveyance
INVERTED SIPHON
 ROAD CROSSING

• Structure used to
carry water under
roads or railroads
• Concrete pipes –
used for small flow
• Sometimes built
with other structure
DROPS

• Structures used to carry water from higher to lower

elevation and diffuse force of falling water
• Two types:
• Rectangular inclined drop
• Vertical drop
 RECTANGULAR INCLINED DROP

• Rectangular shaped
structure with inclined
concrete chute that
conveys water from
higher to lower part of
canal system
 VERTICAL DROP
• A drop structure rectangular at middle, and wide at both ends
through which water falls vertically from higher to lower
portion of canal
CHUTE

• Used to carry water from higher to lower

elevation like inclined drops but carry water over
longer distances over flatter slopes and through
several changes in grade
• Two types:
• Pipe chute – made of concrete pipes to provide
crossing or allow farming/grazing over structure
• Open channel chute
CHUTE
FLUMES

• Structures used for crossing natural depressions

or narrow canyons, and conveying water along
steep sidehills, drainage creeks, roadways and
lower irrigation canals
• Three types:
• Elevated Flume
• Bench Flume
• Si-Flume
ELEVATED FLUME

• Alternative to siphon crossing a depression, stream,

drainage canal, or man made channels
• Concrete rectangular structure with hollow trough to
which water flows to other side
• Supported above the ground but reinforced concrete,
structural steel or timber
ELEVATED FLUME
 BENCH FLUME

• Rectangular reinforced
concrete trough supported
in a bench excavated into
hillside and through which
water flows into adjoining
canal
• In steep hillside terrains,
bench flumes are more
practical and cost less to
construct than pipelines
 SI-FLUME

• Combination of siphon and

flume that conveys water
across a depression,
drainage canal or stream
from a higher to lower
opposite bank
• Closed rectangular
reinforced concrete conduit
supported above ground by
columns or piers
 OTHERS

• Transition – special structures often used to join conduits of varying

shapes or sizes to avoid undesirable flow conditions or minimize
head loss
• Culverts – closed conduits usually circular, square or rectangular in
cross section used for conveying water across and under elevated
roadway, embankment
• Lined canals – concrete lining of canal sections to prevent erosion
or excessive water seepage; extended above canal normal water
surface as safety measure to protect canal from overtopping or
spilling over
 WATER CONTROL STRUCTURES

• Structures built in certain section of irrigation system’s canal network to

control or regulate flow of water to or out of farmlands
• Checks – built to maintain water surface elevation
• Division Box – composed of gate structures so flow in each branch can be
regulated; may divide flow into two or more directions of approximate equal
amounts without measurements
• Paddy Drain – built to convey excess water away from paddy fields to drainage
canals
• Lateral Headgate – control flow of water into lateral canals
• Turnouts – small outlet gates along supply canal for delivering water directly to
rice paddies
• Wasteway – divert canal flows into natural channels
REFERENCES