TECHNOLOGY OF

IRON AND STEEL

 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS THE TIME PERIOD

WHICH TOOK PLACE BETWEEN 17THAND
18THCENTURY .
• STARTED IN BRITAIN AND SPREAD THROUGHOUT
THE WORLD.
• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS THE
TRANSITION TO NEW MANUFACTURING PROCESSES.
THIS TRANSITION INCLUDED GOING FROM HAND
PRODUCTION METHODS TO MACHINES, NEW
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING AND IRON
PRODUCTION PROCESSES, IMPROVED EFFICIENCY
OF WATER POWER, THE INCREASINGUSE OF STEAM
POWER AND DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINE TOOLS
Industrial Manufactured Goods Used in
Architecture
Use of technology for New construction Materials: Iron,
Steel & Glass
 • Architects thought about the form of the building but
not about the building technology.
• Developed interest to find new materials of building, as
there were restrictions with conventional building
materials.
• MILD STEEL: used for structural components being
more impure
• STAINLESS STEEL: Used as a finishing material being
glossy & Shinny, pure form.
[
VIOLLET LE DUC 1814-1897
French Architect & Theorist. Gothic Revival Architect
 He was a theorist, Still wanted to adopt all construction
techniques. Wanted to make technologies friendly to
architects to build new structures.
Wanted to build new structures to be built with
inspiration form the past. Primarily Gothic style
 Felt 19th century architecture can be developed with
inspiration from Gothic.
He had explanation for why & how to use Gothic style
using new materials. Believed that Gothic was a Rational
style
VIOLLET LE DUC 1814-1897
French Architect & Theorist. Gothic Revival Architect
 Many of his works used Irons as primary materials.
His drawings for large span Iron trussed were source of
Inspiration for the Art nouveau metal works.
 Took rational Inspirations from Organic structures
like Plants, leaves, Animals, birds.
Understood the properties of new materials. Iron can
be used to get large spans whereas stone cannot do so.
 Designed & conceptualized a hall for 3000 Persons.
Not constructed.
IRON MAKING

Abraham Darby
discovered a new way
to make pig iron with
coke as fuel.
 • Coke replaced
IRON MAKING charcoal as the
preferred source of
fuel

• Coke lowered the

fuel cost for pig iron
and wrought iron

• Coke also allowed

larger blast furnaces,
resulting in economies of
scale
IRON MAKING

• The puddling • It refined • New techniques

process was iron and for making sheets
invented by made it of iron were
Henry Cort. Stronger. Developed.
IRON MAKING

Rolling Mill
IRON MAKING

Hot blast furnace: note the

Blast furnace (left), and
flow of air from the two stoves
three Cowper
in the background to the blast
stoves (right) used to
furnace, and hot air from the
preheat the air blown into
furnace being drawn off to
the furnace
heat
the stoves
BUILT FORM TYPES
Bridges: • Arched Bridge: Bridge in stone were not of large
span, replaced with Cast iron for first time in 1779 in Coal
Brook dale in U.K, named SEVERN Bridge designed by
Abraham Darby. Much Strong than a stone bridge.
Decked bridge: Mainly used as railway bridge. Piers carry
load of deck and absorb kinetic shock & vibrations.
Britannia Railway bridge by Robert Stephenson in 1850.
Suspension Bridge: Is suspended from steel members.
Based on tensile strength of steel parts. Enhanced
aesthetics dues to sleek structure.
USE OF IRON IN ARCHITECTURE

• The Iron Bridge

• The Iron Rail Road Station
• The Iron Market Place
• The Iron Cultural and Religious Buildings
• The Iron Exhibition Buildings
THE IRON BRIDGE

BROOKLYN BRIDGE, BROOKLYN, NEW YORK

• Style-Gothic piers,
Structural Expressionist
cables and bridge deck
• Date-1869 to 1883
• Location-East River.
Park Row,Manhattan to
Adams Street,
Brooklyn.
• Architect-John
Augustus Roebling,
completed by son,
Washington Augustus
Roebling
TOWER BRIDGE, LONDON, 1886-1894, SIR HORACE JONES
THE IRON RAILROAD STATION

CENTRAL RAILROAD STATION, NEW CASTLE ON TYNE,

ENGLAND, 1846-55; JOHN DOBSON
ST. PANCRAS STATION, LONDON, 1864-68; WILLIAM H.
BARLOW, R.M. ORDISH
THE IRON MARKET PLACES

COVERED MARKET, BERLIN, 1865-1868; FRIEDRICH

HITZIG
GALLERIA VITTORO, EMMANUEL II MILAN, 1865-67,
GUISEPPE MEGNONI
THE IRON CULTURAL BUILDING

PARIS OPERA, PARIS, 1857-74, CHARLES GARNIER

PARIS OPERA, PARIS, 1857-74, CHARLES GARNIER
 The Iron Exhibition Buildings

CORN EXCHANGE ,LEADS, 1860-63, CUTHBERT BRODICK

BUILT FORM TYPES
Rail Head:
King’s Cross station: London by Lewis Curbt.
 St. Pancras & Great Midland Hotel: London by W.H
Barlow & G.G Scott.
 Gare Du Nord: Paris, J.J Hitroff.
King’s Cross Station: London
St. Pancras : London.
Gare Du Nord: Paris