DC & AC Machine winding

DC armature winding

Lap winding
Wave winding
AC stator winding
Mush winding
Concentric winding
Types of Armature Winding
• According to the way of connecting the conductors, DC
armature windings are classified as:

Armature Winding

Lap Winding Wave Winding

 Lap Winding Wave Winding

1. In this winding all the coils carrying current in the

1. In this winding all the pole groups of the coils generating
same direction are connected in series i.e., coils
carrying current in one direction are connected in one
e.m.f in the same direction at any instant of time are
series circuit and coils carrying current in opposite
connected in parallel by the brushes.
direction are connected in other series circuit.

2. Lap winding is also known as parallel windings. 2. Wave winding is also known as series winding.

3. The number of parallel path is equal to the number 3. The number of parallel paths is always equal to 2
of poles i.e., A = P. i.e., A = 2.

4. The number of brush required by this windingis always 4. The number of brushes required by this winding
equal to the number of poles. is always equal to 2.

5. The machine using lap winding requires equalizer rings 5. The machine using wave winding does require dummy
for obtaining better commutation. coils to provide the mechanical balance for the armature.

6. Lap windings are used for low voltage and high current 6. Wave windings are used for high voltage and low
machines. current machines.

7. Lap windings are generally used for machines of ratings 7. Wave windings are generally used for machines of
above 500 kW. ratings below 560 kW
Armature winding
Lap Windings
Armature windings are mainly of two types – lap winding and
wave winding. Here we are going to discuss about lap
winding.
Lap winding is the winding in which successive coils overlap
each other. It is named "Lap" winding because it doubles or
laps back with its succeeding coils.
In this winding the finishing end of one coil and starting end of
the next coil is connected to same commutator segment.
RELATED TERMS OF ARMATURE WINDING
Conductor
An individual piece of wire placed in the slots in the machine in
the magnetic field.
Turn
Two conductors placed in different slots when connected together
forms a turn.
Coil
one or more turns are connected in series and placed in almost
similar magnetic positions Coils may be single turn or multi turn
coils.
Winding
Number of coils arranged in coil group is said to be a winding.
RELATED TERMS OF ARMATURE WINDING
Pole Pitch (Tp)
Distance between the two adjacent pole.

Back Pitch (Yb)

The distance between the top and bottom coil side of a coil, measured from the
back of the armature.

Front Pitch (Yt)

The distance between two coil sides connected to the same commutator segment.

Winding Pitch (Y)

The distance between starting ends of two nearby coils is called winding pitch.

Y = Yb –Yt For Lap winding

Y = Yb+YF For wave winding
Lap Windings:-
Simplex lap winding:-
A winding in which the number of parallel path between the
brushes is equal to the number of poles is called simplex lap
winding.
 Duplex lap winding:-
A winding in which the number of parallel path between the
brushes is twice the number of poles is called duplex lap
winding.
 ● Wave windings:-
Wave winding is one type of armature winding. In this
winding the end of one coil is connected to the starting
of another coil of the same polarity as that of the first
coil.

This winding forms a wave with its coil, that’s why

it is named as wave winding. It is also called series
winding because its coils are connected in series.
 ● Progressive wave winding:-
If after one round of the armature the coil falls in a
slot right to its starting slot the winging is called
Progressive wave winding.
 ● Retrogressive wave winding
If after one round of the armature the coil falls in a
slot left to its starting slot the winging is called
Retrogressive wave winding.
Important terms related to wave winding:-

In simplex wave winding Back

pitch(YB) and front pitch (YF) are
both odd and are of same sign.
Back pitch and front pitch are
nearly equals to the pole pitch and
may be equal or differ by ±2. +
for progressive winding, - for
retrogressive winding.

Resultant pitch:- Yr= YB + Yf

Commutator pitch :- Yc = Y/2

AC stator winding
The two most common types of single layer ac windings are
1. Concentric windings ( Unequal coil span)
2. Mush windings (equal coil span)
CONCENTRIC WINDING
• Three-phase concentric
winding consists of coil A coil-group with 3-coils

groups laid in the slots

so that all the coils of q
each group are
concentric. Y1
1 12
Y2
2 11
• That is, the coil with the 3 Y3
10
Jumper
smallest slot pitch is
surrounded by the coil
with the next larger slot
pitch and so on to make Start Finish
up a coil group. (S) (F)
Each coil consists of several turns and the cross-over
from one coil to the next is indicated by a short
slanted line (jumper).
In order to construct the diagram for a winding, the
following date must be known:
S - The number of slots in the stator
P – The number of poles
m – The number of phases
YS – The pitch of the winding
a – The number of parallel circuits in the
windings
 The pitch of the winding is determined by the formula
S
YS 
P
 The pitch is the distance between two sides of a coil
expressed as the difference between the numbers of the slots
in which the sides lie.
 Another important value of the winding of ac machines is the
number of slot per phase per pole denoted by the letter q. It
can be determined by the formula

S
q
Pm
Example 1
 Given
S=24; p=4;m=3; a=1; type=Concentric
a) The number of coil groups,K
P 4
K  3   3   6 i.e. there is two coil groups per phase
2 2
b)The number of slots per pole per phase, q
S 24
q  2 i.e. there are two coils in a group
m  p 3 4

c) Coil pitch
S 24
YS   6 Full-Pitch ( average pitch)
p 4

coil pitch The shorter = YS-1=6-1=5

The larger coil pitch = YS+1=6+1=7
 d) The electrical angle, 

  180  P  180  4  720 

e) The angle between adjacent slots, 

 720
   30
S 24
f) The distance between the beginning of each phase, 

120 120
   4 slots
 30 

If the beginning of Phase A is slot 1, then the beginning of phase B

is slot 1+=5 and the beginning of phase C is slot 1+2=1+8=9
 Coil Groups of Phase A
 The first and second slots will be occupied by left-hand
sides of the first coil group of phase A.
 Leave four, or 2q slots free for other two phases occupy
slots 7 & 8 with the right hand side of the first coil
group.
 Next to it will lie a second coil group of the same size
which occupies slots 9,10,15,16.

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
 Coil Groups of Phase B
 In order to find, where the  The angle between adjacent slots, 
second phase (B) should begin, it  720
is necessary to know the angle    30
between slots in electrical S 24
 The distance between phase
degrees.
beginnings will have
=180.P = 180.4 = 7200 –
Electrical degree
120 120
   4 slots
 30

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Coil Groups of Phase C
21 4
22 3

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

22 3

21 4
Current direction
N S N S
1-6 7-12 13-18 19-24
21 4

22 3

1 3
N 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

S N S
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

22 3

21 4
Phase A – Coil groups interconnection
Connection of other two phases is exactly similar to that of
phase A.
The three phases interconnection within the phase coil groups
and completed end terminals of the motor winding is as
follows:-
21 4

22 3

1 3
N 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

S N S
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

22 3

21 4

A C’ B C A’ B’
MUSH WINDING
 This winding is very commonly used for small induction motors
having circular conductors.
 This is a single layer winding where all the coils have same span
(unlike the concentric winding where coils have different
spans).
 Each coil is wound on a former, making one coil side shorter
than the other.
 The winding is put on the core by dropping the conductors, one
by one into previously insulated slots.
 The short coil sides are placed first and then the long coil sides.
The long and short coil sides occupy alternate slots.
 It will be also observed that the ends of coil situated in adjacent
slots cross each other i.e. proceed to left and right alternatively.
 That is why sometimes it is known as a basket winding.
MUSH WINDING

Coil pitch
Basket winding
Points to be remembered about Mush Winding
The following should be kept in mind while designing a
mush winding, that is
 The coils have a constant span.
 There is only one coil side per slot and therefore the number of
coil sides are equal to number of slots.
 There is only one coil group per phase per pole pair and
therefore, the maximum number of parallel paths per phase is
equal to pole pair.
 The coil span should be odd. Thus for a 4 pole 36 slot machine,
coil span should be 36/4=9 while for a 4 pole 24 slot machine,
the coil span should not be 24/4=6; it should be either 5 or 7
slots. This because a coil consists of a long and a short coil
side. The long and short coil sides are placed in alternate slots
and hence one coil will be in an even numbered slot and the
other in an odd numbered slot giving a coil span which is an
odd integer.