Construction of

D.C. Machine
Essential requirements:

 Magnetic field

 Conductors

 Rotation
Sectional view of a DC machine:
Main Parts:

 Yoke

 Pole Core & Pole Shoe

 Field Winding or Exciting Winding

 Armature

 Armature Winding

 Commutator

 Brushes & Bearings

Main Parts:
Yoke:
Pole Core & Pole Shoe:
Field Winding:
Armature:
Armature Winding:
Commutator:
Commutator:
 Brushes:

 Graphite ( Low Current Capacity)

 Carbon ( Medium Current Capacity)

 Copper ( High Current Capacity)

Brush rock and holder:
Bearings:

Ball Bearing Roller Bearing

(Driving End) (Non driving End)
Types of Generators:
Ia​=IL​= I

V=I.R

V=I x Ra​

Pg=Eg x I
 Ia​=Ish​+ IL
Ia​= IL​= Isc​= I
Ish​= V​/ Rsh​
V=Eg​−Ia×Ra​
V = Eg​− Ia​x Ra
Pg​= I x Eg​ ​
Pg​=Eg​× Ig​
 Isc​= IL
Ish ​= Rsh​/ V​
Ics​= IL ​+ Ish Ish= (V + Isc.Rsc)/Rsh
​
Ics​= Ia​
Ia​=Isc​+ IL​
V=Eg​− Ia​(Ra​−Rsc)
V = Eg​−Ia​.Ra​− Isc​.Rsc
Armature winding:
 The armature winding is the main current-carrying winding in
which the electromotive force or counter-emf of rotation is
induced.
 The current in the armature winding is known as the
Armature Current.
 The location of the winding depends upon the type of machine.
 The armature windings of dc motors are located on the rotor,
since they must operate in union with the commutator.
 In DC rotating machines other than brushless DC machines, it is
usually rotating.
Terms related to Armature Winding:
 Conductor: The length of wire embedded in the slot
 Turn: The two conductor placed in different slots when connected together to form a turn.

 Coil: The two active conductor i.e back and front conductor constitute one coil. The coil
may be single turn coil or multi turn coil.
Types of Armature Winding

 According to the way of connecting the conductors, DC armature

windings are classified as:

Armature Winding

Lap Winding Wave Winding

Lap Winding:
 Lap winding is the winding in which successive coils overlap each other. It is named
"Lap" winding because it doubles or laps back with its succeeding coils.
 In this winding the finishing end of one coil is connected to one commutator segment
and the starting end of the next coil situated under the same pole and connected with
same commutator segment.
 Simplex Lap Winding:
 A winding in which the number of parallel path between the brushes
is equal to the number of poles is called simplex lap winding.
Duplex Lap Winding

 A winding in which the number of parallel path between the brushes

is twice the number of poles is called Duplex lap winding.
Wave Winding
 Wave winding is one type of armature winding. In this winding the end of one
coil is connected to the starting of another coil of the same polarity as that of the
first coil.
 This winding forms a wave with its coil, that’s why it is named as wave
winding. It is also called series winding because its coils are connected in
series.
Types of Windings:
 Lap Winding
1. In this winding all the pole groups of the coils generating
e.m.f in the same direction at any instant of time are
connected in parallel by the brushes.
2. Lap winding is also known as parallel windings.
3. The number of parallel path is equal to the number
of poles i.e., A = P.
4. The number of brush required by this windingis always
equal to the number of poles.
5. The machine using lap winding requires equalizer rings
for obtaining better commutation.
6. Lap windings are used for low voltage and high current
machines.
7. Lap windings are generally used for machines of ratings
above 500 kW.
Wave Winding
1. In this winding all the coils carrying current in the
same direction are connected in series i.e., coils
carrying current in one direction are connected in one
series circuit and coils carrying current in opposite
direction are connected in other series circuit.
2. Wave winding is also known as series winding.
3. The number of parallel paths is always equal to 2
i.e., A = 2.
4. The number of brushes required by this winding
is always equal to 2.
5. The machine using wave winding does require dummy
coils to provide the mechanical balance for the armature.
6. Wave windings are used for high voltage and low
current machines.
7. Wave windings are generally used for machines of
ratings below 560 kW
Condition for Simplex Lap Winding
Condition for Simplex Wave Winding