In the modern era, the need for electrical power has increased at an enormous

pace. To fulfill the required demand, huge power is needed to be delivered; hence
bigger generating stations are to be designed. The electrical power generating
stations may be generating electrical energy from water, atomic, thermal, or
renewable sources solely contingent on the accessibility of resources and areas
where these power stations are built. The areas where power stations are built
might not be nearby load centers where the load is consuming power.
Therefore transmitting generated power to the load center is of great importance.

There is a need for larger high voltage transmission networks for the purpose of
transmission. Usually, power is generated in lower voltage levels and is economical
for its transmission in high voltages. However, the distribution of electrical power is
achieved in lower voltages pertinent to consumer requirements. Therefore, for
maintenance of such voltage levels and deliverance of stability numerous switching
stations and transformation stations are created amid consumer ends and
electrical power generating stations. The transformation and switching station is
generally known as a substation 
Need of Electrical Substation:

To satisfy load growth

When people or businesses move to a new location that has little to no power
supply infrastructure, it might make a case for building a substation close to the
community. Supplying this new load from distant substations is inefficient because
a little amount of power will be lost as heat on the distribution lines.
To accommodate new generation
Say you want to build a wind farm or a solar farm (see the proposed renewable
projects here.) You will need a collector substation to tie all the generators and
connect them to the power grid.
To maintain reliability requirements
At times new transmission lines are constructed by developers or public utilities to
address congestion in the power grid. Congestion occurs for a variety of reasons – 
explained here. Therefore when building new transmission lines, an effort is made
to connect it to an existing substation. When that is not possible, a new substation
is built.
Substation Definition:
The electrical substation can be defined as a network of electrical
components comprising of power transformers, busbars, auxiliaries, and
switchgear etc.
An electrical substation can be defined as “Assembly of apparatus which transfers
the characteristics of electrical energy from one form to another, say for example,
from alternating current to direct current or from one voltage to another
voltage”.
For this reason, every electrical circuit needs a switching device and some
protective device. They are altogether called switchgear.

The components are interconnected such that creating a sequence of a circuit

capable to be switched OFF while running on normal operation through manual
commands while in emergency situations it can be switched OFF automatically.
The emergency situations may be an earthquake, floods, or short circuit etc.
Basically an electrical substation consists of number of incoming ckt. and
outgoing ckt. connected to a common Bus-bar systems. A substation receives
electrical power from generating station via incoming transmission lines and
delivers elect. power via the outgoing transmission lines.
Major Tasks of Substations
There are numerous tasks associated with power substations in the distribution
and transmission system. Some of the major tasks that substations perform are as
follows.
1. Protection of transmission system.
2. Controlling the Exchange of Energy.
3. Ensure steady State & Transient stability.
4. Load shedding and prevention of loss of synchronism. Maintaining the system
frequency within targeted limits.
5. Voltage Control; reducing the reactive power flow by compensation of reactive
power, tap-changing.
6. Securing the supply by proving adequate line capacity.
7. Data transmission via power line carrier for the purpose of network
monitoring; control and protection.
8. Fault analysis and pin-pointing the cause and subsequent improvement in that
area of field.
9. Determining the energy transfer through transmission lines.
10. Reliable supply by feeding the network at various points.
11. Establishment of economic load distribution and several associated functions.
Classification of substation
The substations can be classified in several ways including the following:
1 Classification based on voltage levels
e.g. : A.C. Substation : UHV(above 400KV),EHV(132KV to 400KV), HV(66KV to 132KV),
MV(11KV to66KV), LV(below 11KV)
DC Substation- HVDC Substation-
2 Classification based on the Basis of Design :
1. Indoor Type Substations:
In such substations the apparatus is installed within the substation building. Such
substations are usually for a voltage up to 11 kV but can be erected for the 33 kV and
66 kV when the surrounding atmosphere is contaminated with impurities such as
metal corroding gases and fumes, conductive dust etc.
2. Outdoor Substations:
These substations are further subdivided into:
(a) Pole Mounted Substations:
Such substations are erected for distribution of power in localities. Single stout pole or
H-pole and 4-pole structures with suitable platforms are employed for transformers of
capacity up to 25 kVA, 125 kVA and above 125 kVA (but up to 250 kVA) respectively.
(b) Foundation Mounted Substations:
For transformers of capacity above 250 kVA the transformers are too heavy for pole
mounting. Such substations are usually for voltages of 33,000 volts and above.
3 Classification based on configuration
a. Conventional Air insulated outdoor substation 
b. SF6 Gas Insulated Substation (GIS)
c. Composite substations having combination of the above two

4. Classification based on service rendered:

1. Transformer Substations:
Transformers are installed on such substations to transform the power from one
voltage level to another level as per needs.
2. Switching Substations:
Such substations are meant for switching operation of power lines without
transforming the voltage. At such substations different connections are made
between various transmission lines. Using ICT(Inter Connecting Xmer)
3. Converting Substations:
Such substations are meant for either converting ac to dc or vice versa or
converting frequency from higher to lower or vice versa.
5. Classification based on application
Step Up Substation – Associated with generating station as the generating
voltage is low.
Primary Grid Substation – Created at suitable load center along primary
transmission lines.
Secondary Substation – Along secondary transmission line.
Distribution Substation – Created where the transmission line voltage is step
down to supply voltage.
Bulk supply and industrial substation – Similar to distribution sub-station but
created separately for each consumer.
Mining Substation – Needs special design consideration because of extra
precaution for safety needed in the operation of electric supply.
Mobile Substation – Temporary requirement.
Substation parts and equipment
Each sub-station has the following parts and equipment:
1. Outdoor Switchyard
Incoming Lines ,Outgoing Lines , Busbar ,Transformers ,Bus post insulator & string
insulators Substation Equipment such as circuit-beakers, isolators, earthing switches,
surge arresters, CTs, VTs, neutral grounding equipment. Station Earthing system
comprising ground mat, risers, auxiliary mat, earthing strips, earthing spikes & earth
electrodes. Overhead earth wire shielding against lightening strokes. Galvanised
steel structures for towers, gantries, equipment supports. PLCC equipment including
line trap, tuning unit, coupling capacitor, etc. Power cables , Control cables for
protection and control ,Roads, Railway track, cable trenches , Station illumination
system
2. Main Office Building
Administrative building , Conference room etc.
3. Switchgear and Control Panel Building
Low voltage a.c. Switchgear , Control Panels, Protection Panels
4. Battery Room and D.C. Distribution System
D.C. Battery system and charging equipment , D.C. distribution system
5. Mechanical, Electrical and Other Auxiliaries
Fire fighting system, Diesel Generator (D.G.) Set ,Oil purification system
Selection and Location of Site for a Substation:
The following factors are considered while making site selection for a substation:
1. Type of Substation:
The category of substation is important for its location. For example a step-up
substation, which is generally a point where power from various sources (generating
machines or generating stations) is pooled and stepped up for long distance
transmission, should be located as close to the generating stations as possible to
minimize the transmission losses.
Similarly a step-down substation should be located nearer to the load centre to
reduce transmission losses, cost of distribution system and better reliability of
supply.
2. Availability of Suitable and Sufficient Land:
The land proposed for a substation should be normally level and open from all sides.
It should not be water logged particularly in rainy season. The site selected for a
substation should be such that approach of transmission lines and their take off can
be easily possible without any obstruction.
According to the latest practice the land required for various types of substations
is given below:
3. Communication Facility:
Suitable communication facility is desirable at a proposed substation both during
and after its construction. It is better, therefore, to select the site along-side on
existing road to facilitate an easier and cheaper transportation.
4. Atmospheric Pollution:
Atmosphere around factories, which may produce metal corroding gases, air
fumes, conductive dust etc., and nearer to sea coasts, where air may be more
humid and may be salt laden, is detrimental to the proper running of power
system and therefore substations should not be located near factories or sea coast.
5. Availability of Essential Amenities to the Staff:
The site should be such where staff can be provided essential amenities like school,
hospital, drinking water, housing etc.
6. Drainage Facility:
The site selected for the proposed substation should have proper drainage
arrangement or possibility of making effective drainage arrangement to avoid
pollution of air and growth of micro-organisms detrimental to equipment and
health.
 Symbols in Single line diagram (SLD)
It is a symbolic representation of all the equipment's/ components in the power
system/ Network.
Symbol Identification Explanation
Transformer Represents a variety of transformers from liquid filled to dry
types. Additional information is normally printed next to
symbol indicating winding connections, primary /secondary
voltages and KVA or MVA ratings.

Removable or Normally represents a MV drawout circuit breaker 5kV and

drawout circuit above.
breaker
Future Represents a structure equipped to accept circuit breaker in the
removable or future, commonly known as provisions.
drawout circuit
breaker position

Removable or Represents a drawout low voltage circuit breaker.

drawout circuit
breaker
Non-drawout Represents a fixed mounted low voltage circuit breaker.
circuit breaker
Symbol Identification Explanation
Disconnect Represents a switch in low or medium/high voltage
switch applications (open position shown)
Fuse Represents low voltage and power fuses.
Current transformer Represents current transformers mounted in assembled
equipment. A ratio of 4000A to 5A shown.
Potential or voltage Represents potential transformers usually mounted in
transformer assembled equipment. A ratio of 480V to 120V shown.
Bus duct Represents low and medium/high voltage bus duct.
Ground (earth) Represents a grounding (earthing) point
Battery Represents a battery in an equipment package

Motor Represents a motor and is also shown with an “M” inside the
circle. Additional motor information is commonly printed next
to symbol, such as horsepower, RPMand voltage.
Normally open (NO) Can represent a single contact or single pole switch in the open
contact position for motor control
Normally closed (NC) Can represent a single contact or single pole switch in the
contact closedposition for motor control
Symbol Identification Explanation
Indicating light The letter inside circle indicates the color. The color red
is indicated.
Overload relay Protects a motor should an overload condition develop.
Capacitor Represents a variety of capacitors.
Ammeter A letter is usually shown to designate the meter type (A
= ammeter, V = voltmeter, etc.)
Instantaneous The device number designates the relay type (50 =
overcurrent protective instantaneous overcurrent, 59 = overvoltage, 86 =
relay lockout, etc.)
Emergency generator The symbol is frequently shown in conjunction with a
transfer switch.
Fused disconnect The symbol is a combination of a fuse and disconnect
switch switch with the switch in the open position.
Low voltage motor The symbol is a combination of a normally open contact
control (switch), overload relay, motor and disconnect device.
Medium voltage The symbol is a combination of a drawout fuse,
motor starter normally open contact (switch) and motor.
Symbol Identification Explanation
Meter center A series of circle symbols representing meters usually
mounted in a common enclosure.

Load center or panel One circuit breaker representing a main device and
board other circuit breakers representing feeder circuits
usually in a common enclosure

Transfer switch • Circuit breaker type transfer switch

• Non-circuit breaker type transfer switch

Current transformer The instrument connected could be a different

with connected instrument or several different instruments identified by
ammeter the letter.
Protective relays Device numbers indicate types of relays connected, such
connected to current as:
transformer • 67 – Directional overcurrent
• 51 – Time overcurrent
 Interpretation of a single line diagram,
When interpreting a single line diagram, you
should always start at the top where the highest
voltage is and work your way down to the lowest
voltage.
We have divided the single line into three sections.

Section – A: Starting at the top, you will notice that

a transformer is feeding power to the whole
system. The transformer steps the voltage down
from 35kV to 15kV, as indicated by the numbers
next to the transformer symbol.
Once the voltage has been stepped down, a
drawout circuit breaker (a1) is encountered.
It is assume, this circuit breaker can handle 15kV,
since it is attached to the 15kV side of the
transformer. Following the drawout circuit breaker
(a1) from the transformer, it is attached to a
heavier, horizontal line.
This horizontal line represents an electrical bus,
which is a means used to get electricity to other
areas or circuits.
Section -B :
It will notice that two more drawout circuit
breakers (b1 and b2) are attached to the bus
and feed other circuits, which are at 15kV.
Since there has been no indication of voltage
change in the system. 
Attached to the drawout circuit breaker (b1),
a step-down transformer is used to take the
voltage in that area of the system from 15kV
down to 5kV.

On the 5kV side of this transformer, a disconnect switch is shown. The disconnect is used to
connect or isolate the equipment below it from the transformer. The equipment below the
disconnect is at 5kV.
Now locate the second drawout circuit breaker (b2). This circuit breaker is attached to a fused
disconnect switch and it is connected to a step-down transformer.
Notice that all the equipment below the transformer is now considered low voltage
equipment, because the voltage has been stepped down to a level of 600 volts or lower.
Moving to the bottom area of the single line diagram, notice that the circuit breaker (b3) in
the middle is connected to the bus in the bottom portion.
Section - C :
To the bottom left and connected to the bus is
another fixed circuit breaker.
Also, notice that a circle symbol which represents
an emergency generator is attached to the
automatic transfer switch.
This area of the single line diagram tells us that it is
important for the equipment connected below the
automatic transfer switch to keep running, even if
power from the bus is lost.
It is clear from the single line diagram that the
automatic transfer switch would connect the
emergency generator into the circuit to keep
equipment running, if power from the bus were lost.
A low-voltage motor control circuit is attached to the automatic transfer switch through a
low-voltage bus. 
 Although we do not know the exact function of the low voltage motor control in this circuit,
it is obvious that it is important to keep the equipment up and running.
Below the meter center is a load center or panelboard that is feeding a number of smaller
circuits. This could represent a load center in a building that feeds power to the lights, air
conditioning, heat and any other electrical equipment connected to the building.
Electrical Conductor
A conductor is one of the most important components of overhead lines. Selecting a
proper type of conductor for overhead lines is as important as selecting economic
conductor size and economic transmission voltage.
A good conductor should have the following properties:
 high electrical conductivity
 high tensile strength in order to withstand mechanical stresses
 relatively lower cost without compromising much of other properties
 lower weight per unit volume
Conductor Materials
Copper was the preferred material for overhead conductors in earlier days, but, aluminium has
replaced copper because of the much lower cost and lighter weight of the aluminium
conductor compared with a copper conductor of the same resistance.

Following are some materials that are considered to be good conductors.

Copper: 
 Copper has a high conductivity and greater tensile strength. So, copper in hard drawn
stranded form is a great option for overhead lines.
 Copper has a high current density which means more current carrying capacity per unit
cross-sectional area. Therefore, copper conductors have relatively smaller cross-sectional
area.
 Copper is durable and has high scrap value. However, due to its higher cost and non-
availability, copper is rarely used for overhead power lines.
Aluminium: 
 Aluminium has about 60% of the conductivity of copper; that means, for the same
resistance, the diameter of an aluminium conductor is about 1.26 times than that of a
copper conductor.
 An aluminium conductor has almost half the weight of an equivalent copper conductor.
 Tensile strength of aluminium is less than that of copper. Considering combined factors of
cost, conductivity, tensile strength, weight etc., Aluminium has an edge over copper.
Therefore, aluminium is being widely used for overhead conductors.

Cadmium-copper: 
 Cadmium-copper alloys contain approximately 98 to 99% of copper and up to 1.5% of
cadmium. Addition of about 1% of cadmium to copper increases the tensile strength by up
to 50% and the conductivity is reduced only by about 15%. Therefore, cadmium-copper
conductors can be useful for exceptionally long spans. However, due to high cost of
cadmium, such conductors may be uneconomical in many cases.

Other materials: There are many other metals and alloys that conduct electricity.
 Silver is more conductive than copper, but due to its high cost, it is not practical in most of
the cases.
 Galvanized steel may also be used as a conductor. Although steel has very high tensile
strength, steel conductors are not suitable for transmitting power efficiently due to the
poor conductivity and high resistance of steel.
 High strength alloys such as phosphor-bronze may also be used sometimes at extreme
conditions.
Types of Electrical Conductors:
1. Hard Drawn Copper Conductor
 This type of conductors have high tensile strength.
 It has high electrical conductivity, long life, and high scrap value.
 It is most suitable for distribution work where spans and tapping are more.
2. Cadmium Copper Conductor
 The tensile strength of the copper is increased by approximately 50 percent by adding about
0.7 to 1.0 percent cadmium to it, but their conductivity is reduced by about 15 to 17 percent.
 The property of higher tensile strength enables the conductor to be erected on longer spans
with the same sag.
 This conductor possesses the advantages of easy joining, more resistance to atmospheric
condition, better resistance to wear, easy machinability, etc.
 The temperature at which copper anneals and softens is also increased, and temperature
effects on stresses are less. The variation in sag due to changes in load and temperature is
minimized.
3. Steel-Cored Copper Conductor (SCC)
 In steel cored copper conductor one or two layers of copper strands surround a steel cored
copper conductors.
 The steel core adds the tensile strength to the conductor.
4. Copper Welded Conductor
 In such type of conductors, the uniform layers of copper are welded onto a steel wire.
 The conductivity of the copper welded conductor varies from 30 to 60 percent to that a solid
copper conductor with the same diameter.
 Such types of conductors may be used for longer span such as a river crossing.
5. Hard-Drawn Aluminium Conductor or All-Aluminum Conductor
 It has lesser strength and more sag per span length than any other category.
 Therefore, it is used for lesser span i.e. it is applicable at distribution level.
 It has slightly better conductivity at lower voltages than ACSR i.e. at distribution level.
 Cost of ACSR is equal to AAC.

6. Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced

 It is used for longer spans keeping sag minimum.
 It may consist of 7 or 19 strands of steel surrounding by
aluminium strands concentrically. The number of strands
are shown by x/y/z, where ‘x’ is number of aluminium
strands, ‘y’ is number of steel strands and ‘z’ is diameter of
each strand.
 Strands provide flexibility, prevent breakage and minimize skin effect.
 The number of strands depends on the application, they may be 7, 19, 37, 61, 91 or more.
 If the Al and St strands are separated by a filler such as paper then this kind of ACSR is
used in EHV lines and called expanded ACSR.
 Expanded ACSR has larger diameter and hence lower corona losses.
7. AAAC (All Aluminium Alloy Conductor)
 It has same construction as AAC except the alloy.
 Its strength is equal to ACSR but due to absence
of steel it is light in weight.
 The presence of formation of alloy makes it
expensive.
 Due to stronger tensile strength than AAC, it is used for longer spans.
 It can be used in distribution level i.e. river crossing.
 It has lesser sag than AAC.
 The difference between ACSR and AAAC is the weight. Being lighter in weight, it is used
in transmission and sub-transmission where lighter support structure is required such
as mountains, swamps etc.
Rigid Conductors:
 Rigid electrical conductors are available in a variety of shapes and sizes to suit individual
requirements.
 Most commonly used shapes include flat bars, structural shapes, and tubes.
 Specific physical and electrical properties and application data can be obtained from the
conductor manufacturers.
 Flat bars can be utilized for outdoor substation buses and are particularly suitable since
they can be easily bent and joined.
 For high-current applications, a number of flat bars can be grouped together, leaving a
small space between the bars to facilitate heat dissipation.
 The capacity of a group of flat bars depends on whether the bars are arranged vertically
or horizontally.
 The number of bars that can be grouped together is limited because of skin and proximity
effects.
 Flat bars are usually limited to use at lower voltages because of corona. Because of their
inherent lack of rigidity, supports for flat bar buses are usually closely spaced to minimize
the effects of meteorological loads and short-circuit forces.
 The structural shape conductors that have been used in outdoor substation construction
consist primarily of angle and channel types.
 The flat surfaces permit bolting directly to support insulators and provide convenient
connection points. To increase capacity, two angles or channels can be used.
Flexible Conductors:
 Flexible electrical conductors can be used as substation buses and equipment taps. The
conductors are normally cables fabricated by stranding a number of small conductors
into one larger conductor.
 Stranding provides the required conductor flexibility while maintaining strength.
 The flexibility can be increased by reducing the diameter and increasing the quantity of
individual conductors.
 Bare electrical cables for substation construction are usually concentric lay stranded
with Class A or AA stranding in accordance with ASTM Std. B231
 Most flexible conductors used in substation construction consist of all copper, all
aluminum, or aluminum with steel reinforcing (ACSR).
 The conductor type selected for a particular application is usually based on the span
length, tension and tolerable sag, and cost. For long spans, large supporting structures
will be required.
 The size and cost of these structures may depend on the conductor type and should be
considered during the selection process
What is Earthing?
Equipment earthing:
It is a connection done through a metal link between the body of any
electrical appliance, or neutral point to the deeper ground soil.

The metal link is normally of MS flat, CI flat, GI wire which should be penetrated to
the ground earth grid.

Equipment earthing is based on IS:3043-1987 Standards.

Earthing Terminologies:
Earth: The conductive mass of the earth, whose electric potential at any point is
conventionally assumed and taken as ZERO.

Earth Electrode: A Conductor or group of conductors in intimate contact with and providing

as electrical connection to earth.

Earth Electrode Resistance: The electrical resistance of an earth electrode to the general

mass of earth.

Earthing Conductor: A protective conductor connecting the main earthing terminal to an

earth electrode or other means of earthing.
Equipotential Bonding: Electrical connection putting various exposed conductive parts and
extraneous (irreverent ) conductive parts at a substantially equal potential.
Example: Inter connect protective conductor, earth continuity conductors and risers of
AC/HV systems if any.

Potential gradient: The potential difference per unit length measured in the direction in

which it is max.

Touch Voltage: The P.D. between a grounded metallic structure and a point on the earth’s
surface separated by a horizontal reach of one Metre.

Step Voltage: The P.D. between two points on the earth’s surface separated by a distance
one pace (step) assumed to be one Metre.
Earth Grid: A System of grounding electrodes consisting of interconnected connectors buried
in the earth to provide a common ground from electrical devices and metallic structures.

Earth Mat: A grounding system formed by a grid of horizontally buried conductors – Serves
to dissipate the earth fault current to earth and also as an equipotential bonding conductor
system.
Why Earthing is important
Earthing is important to ensure:
- Safety of personnel
- Safety of equipment
- Prevent or at least minimize damage to equipment as a result of flow of heavy currents
- Improvement of the reliability of the power system.

Classification of Earthing
The earthing is broadly divided as
1. System earthing (Connection between part of plant in an operating system like LV neutral
of a power transformer winding) and earth.

2. Equipment earthing (safety grounding) connecting bodies of equipment (like electric

motor body, transformer tank, switchgear box, operating rods of air break switches, LV
breaker body, HV breaker body, feeder breaker bodies etc) to earth.
Permissible Values of Earth Resistance

Reasonable values for earth resistance are:

1. Power stations & 400KV Substation – 0.5 ohms
2. EHT stations – 1.0 ohms
3. 33KV SS – 2 ohms
4. Distribution Xmer structures – 5 ohms
5. Tower foot resistance – 10 ohms
Earthing of Substation Equipment
The points we must earth in an electrical substation include:

1. The neutral point of different voltage levels

2. The metallic enclosure of all current carrying equipment
3. The framework of all current carrying equipment
4. All the metallic structure even not associated with current carrying equipment

 We connect all the points to be earthed with the earthing grid with corrosion
resistance mild still rods. We bury the connection rods a minimum 600 mm
below the ground level.
 If these horizontally buried rods cross a cable trench, road, underground
pipework, or rail track the rods should cross the barriers through at least 300
mm below the bottom of the barriers.
 We should connect all the steel structures with earth grid by at least two
risers. In this case one riser must come from the rod of earthing grid in x
direction and other from y direction.
 Earthing of Gantry Tower
 The shield wire comes down along the a leg of gantry structure.
 The shield wire which comes down along the a leg of gantry structure is
referred as down comer.
 The downcomer is clamped with the leg members of the structure at
every 2 meters intervals.
 This downcomer is connected with a earthing lead coming directly
from a pipe earth electrode.
 Diagonally opposite leg of the same structure should directly be
connected to the main earthing grid via riser.

Earthing of Bus Post Insulator

 Each bus post insulator is connected to the main
earthing grid via two risers.
 A 50 mm × 10 mm ms flat comes down along the
BPI support structure from each of the two
earthing points of BPI metallic base.
 These ms flats from base of the BPI are
connected to the risers come from x and y
conductor of main earthing grid.
Earthing of Current Transformer
 One 50 mm × 10 mm ms flat comes down along the a leg of current tr
ansformer support structure from metallic base of the CT.
 This is connected to the main earthing grid via riser.
 Diagonally opposite vertical leg members of the structure is
connected to the main earthing grid via another riser.
 If first riser comes from x conductor of the ground grid then second
riser must come from the rod conductor of y direction.
 The CT junction box should also be connected to the main earthing
grid from two points by means of 50 mm × 10 mm ms flats.

Earthing of Circuit Breaker

 Supporting structure of each pole of a circuit breaker
along with the metallic base of the poles are connected
to the main earthing grid via two risers one preferably
from x and other from y direction.
 The structure of the poles are connected together with
50 mm × 8 mm ms flat.
 The mechanism box of each pole is also connected to the
main earthing grid via 50 mm × 10 mm ms flat.
Earthing of Isolator
 The base of each pole of the isolator should be
connected together with the help of one 50 mm ×
10 mm ms flat.
 This ms flat will be connected to the main earthing
grid via two risers one preferably from x and other
from y direction earth mat conductors.
 The mechanism box of the isolator should be
connected to the auxiliary earth mat and the
auxiliary earth mat then connected to the main
earthing grid to two different points on the main
earthing grid.
Earthing of Lightning Arrestors

 The base of the lightning arrestors must be connected to the main earthing grid via one
riser and structure of the lightning arrestors must be connected to the main earthing grid
via another riser.
 One extra earthing connection is provided in lightning arrestors which connects a treated
earth pit via surge counter of the arrestors.
Earthing of Capacitive Voltage Transformer
 The base of the CVT or capacitive voltage transformer is connected to the main earthing
grid via a riser.
 The special earthing point on the base of the CVT is connected to the pipe earth
electrode with 50 mm × 8 mm ms flat.
 The bottom portion of the support structure is also connected to the main earthing grid
via riser.
 Two opposite earthing points of the CVT junction box should also be connected to the
main earthing grid.

Earthing of Cable Sealing System

 The supporting structure of a cable sealing system should be connected to the main
earthing grid via two risers.
 The earthing strip of size 50 mm × 10 mm ms flat must come down from the top of the
supporting structure.
Earthing of Earthing Transformer

 The base of the earthing transformer must be connected to the main earthing grid via
two risers.
 The neutral point of the earthing transformer must be connected to the pipe earth
electrode with a test link.
 The neutral to ground connection should go through a neutral current transformer for
earth fault protection purpose.
Why Electrical Safety is Important?

 Different electrical hazards cause adverse effects to humans and property, safety devices
and precautions.
 Electrical hazard can result to burns, electrocution and shock.
 If the adequate precautions and necessary safety procedures are not taken in a workplace,
then adverse effects will occur to the workers. With uncontrolled exposure to the electricity
causes to kill personnel and even permanent or severe injuries.
 In most of the cases the electrical hazards cause to complete loss or damage of heavy
equipment, electrical appliances and other workplace properties.
 In industries, these are even cause to loss of work time, interruption to the regular work,
increasing of worker’s compensation and so on.
 That’s why the electrical safety is so important in all aspects of life to provide a safe and
secured environment in the workplace.

Common Electrical Hazards and Its Affects on Human Body?

 In general, these electrical hazards are categorized into shocks, burns and electrocutions.
1. Electrical Shock:
 When body becomes the part of a path through which electric current flows in a closed path
of the circuit then the electric shock occurs. This electric shock happens when
 The body get contact with conductors in an energized circuit.
 The body provides a path between conductor of an energized circuit and the ground.
 The body gets contact with a metallic part that has contact with energized wire.
2. Burns
 These are the most commonly happened shock-related injury.
 This may occur when a person get contact with electrical wiring or equipment that is
improperly maintained.
 Although these burns can occur anywhere on the human body but, typically such injuries
occur on the hands and feet.

3. Electrical Arc Blasts

 These hazards are commonly occurring due to the high ampere currents arcing through the
air.
 The arcing faults are caused due to the equipment failures, improper placing of tools,
improper use of equipment and the conduction of electrical current due to the foreign
particles present in the air.
 If the arcing currents are at higher levels, these can cause fires and injuries.
 These arcs can be extremely high energy or low energy arcs, extreme one damages the
equipment resulting in fragmented metal to fly in all directions, whereas the low energy one
cause blasts in atmosphere by releasing explosive gases, combustible dusts and vapors.
How to Prevent Electrical Hazard in workplace
1. Power Cord should be of High quality:
Power cord which is being considered to utilize must be of some renown brand, should be of
high quality. Purchase your product from reputable retailer.

2. Installation place:
You need to install power strips in such location where air passage should be at best to
scatter heat because too much heat may cause short circuits in wiring that’s why this is
suggested to keep away from the heating area.

3. Avoid overloading in outlets:

Usually, you may have seen in your workplace where high voltage appliances are plugged into
one outlet, so it is suggested to avoid too much overloading.

4. Inspect Electrical cords:

It better to keep an eye on electrical wires they shouldn’t be cracked or damaged so check
electrical cords once in a month.

5. Avoid binding and knotting cables:

You need to avoid binding and knotting the wires because it may produce electric shocks
which would be a hazard for your workplace.
6. Unused appliances need to be unplugged:
Unused electrical items need to be unplugged until for further use. Because it will increase the
electricity consumption.

7. Avoid to maintain by yourself:

You don’t need to support this thing by yourself because it can be dangerous for you and it
may produce electrical shocks. So you can have the assistance of Electricians Barrow in
Furness or nearby areas who know all the safety measurements very well, and they will keep
on guiding your employees for do’s and don’ts.

8. Licensed electricians:
You need to hire licensed electricians who should have proper information and qualification
before playing with wires.

9. Don’t route power cords under the carpets:

This is not suggested to install power cords under the rugs. Because employees are rolling the
chairs here and there for work purpose and when chairs roll over them it would be risky for
your employees.

10. Disconnect electrical equipment:

If there are electrical equipment is malfunctioning, and you feel terrible smell then disconnect
all the electrical equipment which is plugged into a socket on urgent basis.