Presented by-

Dr.Jyoti Tripathi
PG First year
Department of
prosthodontics
 A dental impression is defined as the
negative record of the tissues of the
mouth . It is used to reproduce the
form of the teeth and surrounding
tissues.
 Impression materials are classified on the
basis of setting, rigidity and elasticity.
Mode of setting rigid Elastic

Set by chemical Impression plaster, Alginate,

reaction(irreversible) zinc oxide eugenol. polysulfide,
polyether, silicone,
Set by temperature Compound, waxes Agar hydrocolloid.
change(reversible)
 classification
Inelastic/ or elastic
rigid
material use material
use
Chemical plaster of Edentulous Alginate Teeth and
reaction Paris ridge hydrocolloid
(irreversible soft
) tissues
zinc oxide- Interocclusal Non
eugenol records aqueous
elastomers
Polysulfide,polye
t her

Condensatio
n silicone

Addition
silicones
Thermally
induced Compound wax Preliminary Agar TEETH &
Physical impression SOFT
reaction TISSUES
(reversible)
 Classification
Based on Rigid
Eg. Plaster,Zincoxide
rigidity : eugenol impression
compound
Elastic
Eg.
Alginate,polyether,silicone

1.) Chemical reaction(irreversible)

Based on setting
Eg. plaster of paris,zincoxide eugenol
of the material: alginate,additon and condensation
silicones
2 ) Physical change of
state(reversible)
Eg. agar
Based on Mucostatic

viscosity : eg impression plaster,agar,

light body elastomer

Mucocompressive

eg Impression

compound,alginates Pseudoplastic

eg addition silicones
Based on interaction with saliva
and water Hydrophobic
: eg polysulfide
,condensation
s
ilicones
Based on use : Hydrophilic
eg putty,impression
Primary
plasterimpression material
eg impression
compound,alginate

Secondary
Impression
material
eg Zoe,medium bodied
elastomers
Based on impression plaster
Chemical composition : impression
compound
metal oxide(zinc
oxide eugenol)
pastes agar
hydrocolloid alginate
hydrocolloid
polysulfides
condensation silicones
addition silicones
polythers
light curing polyether
(urethane
dimethacrylate)
 Have pleasant taste, odor and esthetic color.
 Not contain any toxic or irritating ingredients.
 Be economical.
 Have adequate shelf life for storage and distribution.
 Be easy to use with minimum equipments.
 Exhibit dimensional stability.
 Have adequate strength so that it will not break or tear
while
removing from the mouth.
 Posses elastic properties with freedom from permanent
deformation after strain.
 Be able to be electroplated
 Be compatible with die and cast materials
 Impression plaster
ADA Composi Uses Mixing Working Setting Advant Disadva
specificat t time time time g es
a tages
n
ion ion
No •Calcined •Primary 60 Altered sam •Good •Requires
25 caso4 impressio sec by use e detail separatin
•Anti – n of reproduct g
expansio material additive ion medium
n •Seconda s •Inexpens •Dry
agents ry ive sensatio
k2so4 impressio •Easy n to
•Acceler n to patients
a tors material handle mouth
k2so4 •Non
•Retarde
r borax toxic
•Gelatin •Increase
d shelf
life
•Setting
time can
be
controlle
 Impression compound
ADA Composit Uses Advantag Disadvant Disinfecti
specificati i on Flow e s a ges o n
o n
No 3 •Rosin •Type 1- •Type 1 •Non toxic •Although
•Type 1- •Copa primary flow at and non plastic not
Impression l impression mouth irritant fluid 2%alkaline
( low resin , temp is •Hardens in enough to glutarldehy
fusing) •Carnaub peripheral 6% reasonably record de
•Type 2- a wax tracing •Type 2 acceptable fine detail
high •Stearic •Type 2-As flow at time •Distorts
fusing acid a tray to mouth •Compatibl over
•Talc support temp is e with undercuts
•Coloring other 2% gypsum •Shrinkage
agent materials products on
•No cooling
separatin •Dimension
g al change
medium on storage
required
 Impression compound is
rigid,reversible impression material
sets by physical change.
 It softens on heating and hardens on
cooling.
 ADA specification no 3

 Supplied as sheets,sticks,cakes and

cones.
 Making preliminary impression of edentulous
mouth.
 For individual tooth impression.

 To make a special tray.

 Border moulding.

 To check undercuts in inlay preparations.

Composition: INGREDIENTS PARTS

resin 30

Copal resin 30

Carnauba wax 10

Stearic acid 5
Talc 75
 Glass transitional temperature = 3 9 degree centigrade.
 Fusion temperature=43.5 degree centigrade.
 They are poor conductors of heat.
 Coefficient of Linear Expansion is high.
 Good dimensional stability.
 Good flow.
 Fine reproduction of detail.
 Zinc oxide eugenol impression
ADA Composit Mixing Setting Advant Disadva Disinfect
specifica material
Uses ion time time a ges n tages i on
tio
n
No 16 2 tubes •Impressi 1 Type •Adhere •Burning
•Type Tube 1- on pastes min/30- 1- s well to of 2%
1 •ZnO •Bite 40 sec Initial tray eugenol glutarlde
(hard) •Veg or registrati – 3- •Sufficien •Persiste hyde
Type 2 on 6min tly fluid n t taste
(soft) mineral paste Final- to record •Adhere
oil •Tempor 10 min fine s to
Tube a rly Type detail tissue
2- reline 2- •No
•Clove oil material Initial- dimensio
or 3-6min nal
eugenol Final – change
•Gum/pol 15 in
min setting
ymerised process
rosin •Hard
•Fille when
r set
silica •No
Composition:
Base paste Accelerator paste
Zinc oxide-87% Eugenol-12%
Fixed vegetable oil or Gum-50%
mineral oil-13%

Filler(silica)-20%

LANOLIN-3%
Resinous balsam-10%
Accelerator solution
(calcium chloride)-5%
 Particle size of zinc oxide powder.
 Longer mixing time, shortens setting time.
 High atmospheric temperature and humidity accelerate
setting.
 Setting can be delayed by cooling mixing slab, spatula or
adding small amount of retarder or oils or waxes.
Properties:
 Good consistency and flow .
 Detail reproduction.
 Rigid and having good strength.
 Good dimensional stability.
 Mixing is done on an oil-impervious paper or glass slab.
 Two ropes of paste of same length and width, are squeezed
on mixing slab.
 A flexible stainless steel spatula is used for mixing.
 Two ropes are combined until a uniform colour is obtained.
 Mechanical rotary mixing are also used.
 Mixing time is one minute
 NON- EUGENOL PASTE are
developed to overcome the burning
sensation caused by eugenol.
 Bactericides and other medicaments
are also incorporated.

 Used in eugenol irritant patients.

 Agar hydrocolloid was the first successful
impression material to be used in dentistry.
 It is an organic hydrocolloid extracted from
certain types of seaweeds.
 Agar is a reversible hydrocolloid.

 Since it is reversible can be reused.

 As tissue conditioner.
 For full mouth impression without deep undercuts.

 Used extensively for crown and bridge impression before

elastomers came to the market.
 Widely used at present for cast
duplication.

 Supplied as;
 Gel in collapsible tube(for
impression)
 A number of cylinders in a glass
jar(syringe material).
 In bulk containers(for duplication)
INGREDIENTS PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT
Agar 13-17%
Borates 0.2-0.5%
Potassium sulphate 1-2%
wax, hard 0.5-1%
Thixotropic material 0.3-0.5%
Alkylbenzoates 0.1%
water Around 84%
Coloring and flavoring agents Traces
 Agar-basic constituent.
 Potassium sulphate-It counters retarding effects of
borates.
 Wax-filler.
 Thixotropic material-plasticizer.
 Alkylbenzoates-preservative.
 Coloring agents-for patients comfort
 Water-dispersion medium.
Manipulation;
Agar hydrocolloid requires special equipments ;
 Hydrocolloid conditioner.
 Water cooled rim lock tray.
 Rim lock trays with water
circulating devices are used (water
cooled rim lock tray).
 Rim lock has a beading on the
inside edge of the tray which help
to retain the material within the
tray.
 It also has an inlet and outlet for
connecting water tubes.
 The tray should allow a space of
3mm occlusally and laterally
and extend distally to cover all
teeth.
Boiling section or liquefaction section Ten minutes in
boiling water at
100 degree

Storage section 6 5 -6 8 degree

is ideal

Tempering section 46 degree for

two minutes
with material
loaded in tray
 Syneresis and imbibition;

 The hydrocolloid gel may loose water by exuding of fluid.

and this process is known as synersis.
 Imbibition is the process of gaining of water when
immersed in water.
 Importance-both the phenomenon can cause
dimensional changes and produce inaccurate casts. To
avoid this impressions should be poured immediately.
Flow;
The material is sufficient fluid to record fine details.
 Material is sufficiently fluid to record details .
Flexibility;
 Material is highly flexible.
Hysteresis;
Temperature lag between liquefaction and gelation.
Elasticity and elastic recovery;
 Highly elastic in nature. Elastic recovery occurs to the extent
of 98.8%
Fine reproduction of detail;
Accuracy and dimensional change
 They expand when stored in water or 100% relative
humidity
Working and setting time
 Working t ime- 7 to 15 min
 Setting time – 5 min
 Main disinfectants used include iodophor,bleach
or glutaraldehyde .

ADVANTAGES
 Accurate die can be prepared, if material is properly handled
 Has good elastic properties.
 Good recovery from distortion
 Palatable and well tolerated by patient
 Cheap
 Not flow well compared to newly available material
 It cannot be electroplated
 Tears relatively easily
 Only one model can be poured
 Its an irreversible elastic
hydrocolloid
 It is a mucous extract yielded
from certain brown sea weeds
 Types
 type 1 – fast setting
 type 2 - normal setting
 Applications
 Used for impression making;
 when there are undercuts
 in mouth with excessive flow
of saliva
 For impression to make study
models and working casts
 For making preliminary
impression
INGREDIENTS FUNCTIONS
Sodium or pottasium alginate-15% React with calcium ion
Calcium sulphate(reactor) - React with potassium alginate
16%
Zinc oxide - 4% Acts as filler
Potasium titanium flouride -3% Gypsum hardener
Diatomacous earth -60% Acts as filler
Sodium phosphate(retarder) -2% React with calcium sulphate
Colouring and flavouring agents Wintergreen, orange etc.
 Alginate has pleasant taste and smell
 It is highly flexible
 Good elasticity and elastic recovery
 Fine reproduction of tissue detail
 Tear strength- 350-700gm/cm2
 Dimensionally stable
 Poorly adheres to the tray
 Biological properties- inhalation of silica particles
cause health hazards.
steps in
manipulation
 fluff or aerate the powder by
investing can several times.
 for mixing a clean flexible
plastic bowl and clean
wide bladed stiff metal
spatula is being used.
 proper water powder ratio
specified by the manufacturer
should be used(1 measure water
with two level scoops of
powder)
 mixing is started w ith a stirring
motion. vigorous figure 8
motion can also be used.
 Mixing- fast setting - 45 sec
time normal setting- 60sec



 Working time –
fast setting – 1min

normal setting – 2

min
 Gelation time fast setting - 1 to 2min
 normal - 2 to 4.5 min

 Easy to mix and manipulate
 Low cost

 Comfortable to patient

 Hygienic

 Good surface detail even in presence of saliva

 Accuracy if properly handled

 Minimum requirement of equipment

 Cannot be electroplated
 It cannot be corrected

 Poor dimension stability

 Poor tear strength

 Distortion may occur if not properly handled

 Classification
 A) according to chemistry
 1) polysulfide
 2) condensation polymerizing silicones
 3) addition polymerizing silicon
 4) polyether
 B) according to viscosity
 1) light bodied(syringe consistency)
 2) medium(regular)
 3) heavy body(tray consistency)
 4) very heavy(putty consistency)

 POLYSULFID
ADA
Specifi Compositio ES g time time
Mixing
time
Workin Setting Advant
a ges
Disadv Disinfe
ction
c ation n antag
1,Base paste – 45 5-7min 8min •No •eCusto
s
•Liquid polymer sec- special m 2%
containing 1min equipm trays glutarld
thiol,mercaptan or e nt require ehyde
No polysulfide •Superio d
19 polymer. r •Hydro
•Filler –titanium strength
dioxide •Pourin phobic
•Plasticizer-DI- g can •Sensit
n- butyl be i ve to
phthalate delayed heat
•Sulfur to 1 hr •Long
2,Reactor paste- •Can be settin
•Pbo2 Inert electrop g
oil/plasticizer l ated time
•Filler -silica •Adequa •High
t e shelf shrink
life a ge
•High
 Base and accelaration paste are mixed
together which undergoes chemical reaction
to form polymer
 The reaction is exothermic – 3 - 4 degree
Celsius rise in temperature
 Mercaptan+lead oxide
polysulfide
+water
1. Unpleasant order and colour
2. Material is extremely viscous and
sticky and exhibits pseudo
plasticity.
3. Long setting time of 12.5min
4. High tear strength
5. Good flexibility
6. Excellent reproduction of surface
detail
Types;
1-condensation silicones
2-addition silicones
Condensation silicones;
1) Also known as conventional silicones.
2) Available in three viscosities namely
light,medium bodied and heavy.
Composition;
A)Base

1-polydimethyl
siloxane.
2-colloidal silica
3 - Colorpigments .
B)Accelerator Stannous
octoate
 Condensation
silicones
(Doublemixtype)
ADA Mixin Worki Setting Advan Disadva Disinfe
Specifi Compositio g n time t ntages c
c ation n itime g time ages tion

Base paste- 45 Upto 10 – •No •Custom

No 19 •Polydimethyl sec 5 12 special tray 2%
siloxane/liquid min min equipm required glutalde
2 silicone e nt •Difficul hyde
types- polymer required t to
1,Doub •Filler –silica •Modera electrop
l e mix Reactor te l ated
type paste- strenth •hydrop
2,Putty •Tetra in deep hobic
type functional sulcus
silicates •Adequ
•Tin a te
compound shelf
life
•Pleasa
n
t odor
 Addition silicones
(Doublemixtype)
ADA Mixing Working Setting Advantag Disadvan
Specifica Composition itime time time es tages
tion

•Polymer –polyvinyl Is greater •No •Custom

No 19 siloxane,vinyl 30- 45 sec than 10-12min special tray
polysiloxane,vin silicones equipment • Hydroph
2 types yl silicones •Dimensio obic
1,Double •Cross linking agent- naly stable •Expensiv
mix hydride silicone • Good e
type 2, •Catalyst – shelf
Putty chloroplatinic acid life
type •Pleasa
nt
odor
1. Good mechanical and
compressive strength
comparing other
elastomers.
2. Available in three
viscosities.
3. Consist of base paste
and catalyst.
 Polyether materials
ADA Mixin Working Setting Advantag Disadva
Specificat Compositio g time time es ntages
i on n itime

Base plate tube- •No •Very

No •Pre polymer- 30-45 2- 5-6 special stiff
19 ethylene sec 3min min equipmen •More
amine t expensi
•Inert filler- •Finish line v e
silica easily
•Plasticiser – read
glycolether •Pleasan
Catalyst t odor
paste- •Can be
•Ester derivatives poured
of aromatic more
sulphonic acid than
•Plasticiszer once
– phthalate •Hydrophil
•Thinner-octyl ic
phthalate •Good
THANK YOU.