ANTHROPOMETRY AND

DESIGN PRODUCT
 ANTHROPOMETRY
• Terminologically, anthropometry comes from the word “anthropos”
whichmeans human and “metron” which means measurement
(Bridger,1995).

• Anthropometrics can be defined as a study which related with the

measurement of human’s body dimension. Widely, Anthropometry can be
used as an ergonomics consideration in product design or work system
that needs human interaction. The ergonomics aspects in a facility build
and design process are very important factors in support the development
of production service.
• Every product design, whether simple or complex design, should be
oriented to the users’ anthropometry. According to Sanders & Mc Cormick
(1987); Pheasant (1988), and Pulat (1992), anthropometry is body
dimension measurement or other physical body characteristics that
relevant with the design of somethingthat used by people.
 There are 3 basic philosophies
of design
• Product design for individual with extreme dimension.
Example: determining the minimum width and height
of emergency door.
• Product design that can be operated in certain range
measurement.
Example: car chair design that can be slided forward or
backward, and the angle of the back rest also can be
changed.
• Product design for the average measurement.
Example: public facility design, such as restroom,
waiting chair, etc.
 The antropometric data that we already get will
be applicated widely,which are :

• Work station design (work station, car

interior,etc)
• Work equipments design (tools, mesins, dll).
• Consumptive products design (clothes, chair, desk,
etc).
• Physical work environment design.
Anthropometry is divided into 2 parts
• Anthropometry statics, where the
measurements are taken to human body
in static position. The measured dimension
are taken linearly and in the body surface
• Anthropometry dynamics, where the
measurements are taken in various body
position while moving, so it will be
more complex and difficult tomeasure
 Factors the human body dimension
a) Age
Human body dimension will be grown since born until around 20
years old for man and 17 years old for woman. And then it will
decrease in age 60 years old.
b) Gender
Generally, man has bigger body dimension except for chest and
hip.
c) Ethnic
Dimension variation will be emerged, because of ethnic
influence.
d) Work
Daily work activities also causing the differences in human body
 Body Position While Working
• Pulat (1992) gave several considerations about the best
type of work
that can be done in sitting position:
1. A work that needs an accurate control on feet;
2. The main work is writing or needs an accuration on
hands;
3. Do not need large force;
4. Do not need hands to work on more than 15 cm height
work base while holding the object;
5. Need high level of body stability;
6. The work takes long time to be done.
7. All the objects that being done or supplied are still within
reach in sitting position.
the guidance to arrange the height of work
base in sitting position as follow:
1. If it is possible, provide a table that can
be adjusted upward and downward;
2. The work base should be possible for arm
to hang in relax position from shoulder, with
forearm approach to horizontal position or
sloping down slightly; and
3. The height of work base does not
need excessive flexion of backbone.
several considerations for the best type of work
that can be done in standing position:

1. No space for feet or knee rest;

2. Should hold object with more than 4,5
kg weight;
3. Often to reach upward, downward
and sideward;
4. Often to work with pressing
downward motion; high mobility
required.
 Work Station Dedign and
DynamicsWork Posture
• While Das (1991) and Pulat (1992) stated that
the combination of sitting and standing
position is the best position than only
standing or sitting.
• This is because the possibility of workers to
change the work position to reduce muscle
fatigue because unnatural posture in a work
position
Choosing Work posture toward
Various Type of Work
 Anthropometry needed a product
design
• percentile”. Percentile is a value that shows certain
percentage of people that have the size in the percentage or
below the percentage.
• For example, (95th percentile shows that 95% people are in
or below the value and can use the product).
• To determine the anthropometry data in normal distribution,
it can be formulated from mean and standard deviation of the
data.
• From the value, it canbe determined the percentile value
according to the probability tabel of normal distribution.
Design Method using Anthropometry

The steps of work system design by considering the anthropometry

factor generally are as follows (Roevuck, 1995):
1. Determine the design needs (establish requirements)
2. Define and describe the users’ population.
3. Sample selection that will be taken the data.
4. Determine the required data (body dimension that will be used)
5. Determine the source of data (body dimension that will be
measured) and
percentile that will be used.
6. Prepare the measurement tools that will be used
7. Data acquisition
8. Processing Data
• - Normality Test Data
• Uniformity Test Data
• Sufficiency Test Data
• Percentile Calculation Data
9. Design Visualization by consider:
– Normal body position
- Allowance (Clothes and clearance)
- Motion variation
10. Design result analysis
Normality Processing Data and Percentile using SPSS:
1. Input data of dimension value in data view
2. Enter to variable view, change the collumn with dimension name.
3. Data Processing :
1. Click analyze, choose descriptive statistics, then explore.
• 2. Input all variables as dependent variables.
• 3. Checklist both to toolbox display.
• 4. Choose statistic: checklist descriptive, percentiles, then
continue.
• 5. Choose plots: checklist none to box plots, stem and leaf to
descriptive.
• 6. Checklist normality plots with test, then continue.
• 7. Choose options: checklist exclude cases listwise, then continue.
• 8. Click continue. Processing Data Results are shown in the
output.
 Anthropometric Measuring Tools
Anthropometer
Tap
e

Medical scale
Sliding Calipers: large and

Spreading Caliper
small

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 Anthropometry Today
• Biometrics
• Nutrition and wellness
– Weight Training
• Ergonomics
– dynamic anthropometry: Measurements taken on and around
the figure when it is in any position other than the fixed ones.
– Everyday life
• Evolutionary Significance
– Changes in humans overtime
• Monitor growth in children
– Cranial Anthropometry

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 Biometrics
• the automatic identification of a person based
on his/her physiological or behavioral
characteristics
• Verification vs. identification
– Verification: Am I whom I claim I am? involves
confirming or denying a person's claimed identity
– Identification: Who am I?

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 Biometrics Applications
• Forensics: criminal identification and prison
security
• Prevention of unauthorized access to ATMs,
cellular phones, smart cards, desktop PCs,
workstations, and computer networks
• Automobiles: replace keys with key-less entry
and key-less ignition
• Border control and national ID cards

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 Biometrics Programs
• Fingerprint Identification
• Hand Geometry: geometric shape of the hand
for authenticating a user's identity
• Face Location: an arbitrary black and white,
still image, find the location and size of every
human face
• Multibiometrics: integrates face recognition,
fingerprint verification, and speaker
verification in making a personal identification

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 Biometrics in Use

Heathrow Airport- Iris

BenGurion Airport: Hand FacePass:
Geometry Face
Verification

Grocery Store Payment:

Fingerprint US- Visit Program
INSPASS: Hand
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Geometry
 Cranial Anthropometry
• Also known as Craniometry
• measurement of the skull and face
• 3 ways to categorize the skull
– dolichocephalic: long and thin
– brachycephalic: short and broad
– mesocephalic: intermediate length and
breadth

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Cranial Anthropometry: 16 Facial Zones
– en (endocanthion) – g (glabella)

– eu (eurion) – gn (gnathion)

– ex (exocanthion) – obi (otobasion inferius)

– ft (frontotemporale) – op (opisthocranion)

– fz (frontozygomaticus) – po (porion)

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Cranial Anthropometry: 16 Facial Zones
(cont.)
– n (nasion)

– sn (subnasale)

– t (tragion)

– tr (trichion)

– v (vertex)

– zy (zygion)

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Cranial Anthropometry Facial Zones
Maximal cranial
breadth

Maximal cranial
length

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 3- D Anthropometry
• 3D anthropometry, the measure of humans, can be greatly
aided by the use of accurate digital humans. We'll take a look at
how to create these types of accurate digital humans and how
they can be used for the measurement of entire populations
• Programs:
– Cyberware
• DigiSize
• CySlice
• Ear Impression 3-D Scanner
– SizeUSA: 3D measurement system, a body scanner feeding data
into measurement extraction software.
– CAESAR: generate a database of human physical dimensions for
men and women of various weights, between the ages of 18 and
65
– Virtual Models: virtually try on clothes, makeup etc.
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Future Endeavors of Anthropometry?

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 Human anatomy
1. Study of the structure of the human body
(anatomy = to cut apart, to dissect)
2. Biomechanically, one can describe the human
body as a basic skeleton whose parts are linked
in joints; the members have volumes and mass
properties and are moved by muscles.
3. Understanding the properties, capabilities, and
limitations of the body allow us to design
equipment and tools that use and enhance
human strengths.
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 Human Physiology
1. Study of the functions of the human body, of
all activities characteristic of living matter
(physi-o-logy = study of nature).
2. Living organisms made up of cells; Cell is
composed of protoplasm, the physical basis
of our life.

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 (BODILY) SYSTEM

Group of organs acting together to accomplish some

overall bodily function:
• Skeletal system
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Circulatory
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Excretory
• Reproductive
• Endocrine

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 Body Measurement
Body measurements are usually defined by the two endpoints
of the distance measured.
Example
starts at the floor on which the subject stands and
extends to the highest point on the skull.

1. Height: Vertical point-to-point, straight-line

2. Breadth: Horizontal point-to-point, straight-
line
3. Distance: Straight-line, point-to-point measurement
between landmarks on the body
4. Curvature: Point-to-point measurement following a
contour
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 Standardization of body measurement:
• ISO began to standardize anthropometric measures
and measuring
• technique in the 1980s.
• ISO/DIS 7250-1,2,3 (www.iso.org)
• ISO/DIS 7250-1 Basic human body measurements for
technological design -- Part 1: Body measurement
definitions and landmarks
• ISO/NP 7250-2 Basic human body measurements for
technological design -- Part 2: Statistical summaries of
body measurements from individual ISO populations
• ISO/NP 7250-3 Basic human body measurements for
technological design -- Part 3: Worldwide and regional
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 Measurement technique:
1. Classical technique:

Shortcoming: Simple but time consuming;

1. Many bony landmarks cannot be projected
easily onto grids
2. Contact measurements cannot be made on
certain sensitive parts
3. Body dimensions unrelated to each other, not a
3-D picture

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 Measurement technique:
2. New technique:
Photograph, video, laser-based anthropometry
Laser: distance-measuring device to determine the shape of irregularbodies.
Markers: be placed on points of surface so that the laser can recognize
them.
* V-scope analysis
Tool for measurement and recording the motion of bodies in 1-D,2-D, and
3-D
Tracking technology: Emit infrared signal → trigger ultrasonic
Response signal
Components: Towers, Buttons, Micro computer
The principle of measurement: each tower sends an infrared signal, a
button activated the button beeps; Given the speed of sound, the time it
takes for the “beep” can be converted into distance.

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 Anthropometric measurement
• Standing /sitting (static) posture
• Reaches – “functional” data
Body postures at work
Such data are used for engineering design
(e.g., workstation, equipment design…)

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Static anthropometry

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Functional / dynamic anthropometry
Body data at work or to achieve a desired posture

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 Anthropometric data Variability
Sources of variability:
• Measurement(e.g., population samples selected)
• Intra-individual (e.g., longitudinal study on statue
from young to old)
• Inter-individual (e.g., cross-sectional study, people
of different ages, sizes… included in the sample
set)
• Secular: (e.g., statue, weight increases,
contemporizes bigger than ancestors)

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Athropometric statistics

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Athropometric statistics

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DIGITAL STADIOMETER
GPM ANTHROPOLOGICAL
INSTRUMENTS for
SOMATOLOGIES and
OESTEOLOGY

Finger Circumference Gauge

DIGITAL WEIGHING and MEASURING STATION

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 HARPENDEN ANTHROPOLOGICAL
INSTRUMENTS

HARPENDEN SKINFOLD CALIPER

HARPENDEN SITTING HEIGHT TABLE

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LAFAYETTE ANTHROPOMETER SET

LAFAYETTE SKIN FOLD CALIPER

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