RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY
MEANING AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
MEANING OF RESEARCH

The scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation,

analysis and interpretation of facts that links an individual’s speculation with reality.
TYPES OF RESEARCH: BASIC
RESEARCH
Also called as “fundamental research” or “pure research”
The result is theoretical knowledge

Taylor’s Scientific
Newton’s Law Management
Theory
 TYPES OF RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
Involves seeking new applications of scientific
knowledge to the solution of the problem
Produces knowledge of practical use to man.
DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH
A decision oriented research involving the
application of the steps of the scientific method
in response to an immediate need to improve
existing practices
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
Library Research – done in the library where answers to specific problems of the study is
available ( Archeological findings)

Field Research- conducted in natural setting. Both applicable to descriptive survey and
experimental methods

Laboratory Research – conducted in artificial or controlled conditions by isolating the

study in a thoroughly specified and equipped area.
THE VARIABLE: TYPES OF
VARIABLE
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE
MODERATOR CONTROL
VARIABLE VARIABLE
INTERVENING
VARIABLE
RESEARCH PROBLEM AND
OBJECTIVES
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Factors to Consider:
1. The problem is existing in the locality or country but no known solution to
the problem
2. The solution can be answered by using statistical methods and techniques
3. There are probable solutions but they are not yet tested
4. The occurrence of phenomena requires scientific investigation to arrive at
precise solution
5. Serious needs/problems of the people where it demand research.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
RESEARCH PROBLEM

SPECIFIC MEASURABLE ACHIEVABLE

REALISTIC TIME-BOUND
SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Specialization of the researcher

Current and past researches

Recommendations from theses, dissertations, and research

journals

Original and creative ideas of the researcher based on the

problems met in the locality and country
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Statement of purpose for which the investigation is to be conducted
(Ardales, 1992)
This is the guide to be accomplished by the researcher in conducting his/her
research project.
Stated in specifically in simple language

Research Problem and Research Objectives have the same characteristics

(SMART) but they differ in form because Research Problem is stated in
interrogative or question while Research Objectives are in declarative form.
THE HYPOTHESIS
A wise guess that is formulated and temporarily adopted to explain the observed facts
covered by the study.
It describes the procedure to follow in conducting the study.
It tells the researcher what to do and how to go about solving a research problem

Types of Hypothesis:
1. Null Hypothesis is a denial of an existence of a trait, characteristics, quality, value ,
correlation or difference of a result. Always stated in negative form
2. Alternative Hypothesis is the opposite extreme of the null hypothesis because it is stated in
a positive form. It is an affirmation of the existence of observed phenomena
THEORETICAL and CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
The Theoretical Frameworks shapes the justification of the research problem/research objectives in
order to provide the legal basis for defining its parameters.
Theoretical Framework is a symbolic construction which uses abstract concepts, facts or laws,
variables and their relations that explain the predict how an observed phenomenon exists and
operates.

The Conceptual Framework presents specific and well-defined concepts which are called
constructs.
ASSUMPTIONS
Assumptions are presumed to be true statements of facts related to the research problem.

Not all studies have a section on assumption in their study because some of these are included
in the background of the study.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Presents the importance of the study from the target beneficiaries (Inductive perspective)

Presentation of the importance of the study is from general to particular (Deductive

perspective)
SCOPE and LIMITATIONS OF THE
STUDY
Includes the coverage of the study area, the subjects, the research apparatus, equipment or
instrument, the research issues and concerns, the duration of the study, and the constraints that
have direct bearing on the result of the study.