Dispersion forces (london forces)

in honor of fritz london

Presented by: John Patrick Bugawan HUMSS 11 - Plato
Fritz London
Fritz Wolfgang London was born on March
7, 1900 in Breslau, Germany. He died on
March 30, 1954 in Durham, North Carolina,
U.S.A. Fritz London is a German-American
physicist who did pioneering work in
quantum chemistry and on macroscopic
quantum phenomena of superconductivity
and superfluidity.

Quantum – minimum amount of

any physical property involved
in an interaction.
 WHAT IS London Dispersion
Force?
Description Description
The force gets its name
London Dispersion Force is
because Fritz London first
present in all molecules. It is
explained how noble gas
the only force present in
atoms could be attracted to
nonpolar molecules. It is very
each other in 1930. His
weak and acts in very small
explanation was based on the
distances. Without dispersion
second-order perturbation
forces, substances would not
theory. LDFs are also known as
be able to condense to liquid
dispersion forces,
and solid phase.
instantaneous dipole forces, or
induced dipole forces.
How is the LDF formed?
When electrons travel around the
nucleus, sometimes one side has a
fewer amount of electrons than the
other side. When this occurs, one side
has a slight negative charge.

London Dispersion Force is formed

due to the attraction between the
positively charged nucleus of an atom
with the negatively charged electron
cloud of a nearby atom. This
Induced dipole
interaction created an induced dipole.
 London
The unequal distribution of electrons
about the nucleus in an atom can induce
some dipole in the atom. When another
DISPERSION
atom or molecule comes in contact with
this induced dipole, it can be distorted
that leads to an electrostatic attraction
FORCE examples
between either atoms or molecules.
If these atoms or molecules touch each
other, dispersion forces are present
between any of them. For example, consider London Dispersion Forces between
two chlorine molecules. Here, both chlorine atoms are
bonded through a covalent bond which forms by equal
sharing of valence electrons between two chlorine atoms.
The force of attraction between two chlorine molecules is
the LDF here which is due to unequal distribution of
electron density in the molecule.
 SURFACE TENSION
A phenomenon caused by cohesive forces
(intermolecular forces) between molecules
allowing liquids to create a thin film on its
surface. This causes liquids to acquire a
certain shape when put on a container or
dropped on surfaces.

Property of In a container, the bulk of a liquid has a balance

of intermolecular forces in all direction. There
is a net inward force on the surface since
there are no liquids there. This created
surface tension. Stronger intermolecular bonds

liquid equates to stronger surface tension.

One of its examples is small insects walking on
water. They can walk on water because their
weight is not enough to penetrate the
surface.
Adhesion – interaction Meniscus – a curve in the

FORMATION OF
between different materials. surface of a molecular
Cohesion – interaction substance (water) when it
touches another material.
between same materials

MENISCUS
VISCOSITY

Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid

CONCAVE MENISCUS to flow. The more viscous a liquid is,
the thicker its consistency. In
Occurs when there is stronger laymans term, it is the measure of
adhesive force between the the thickness of a liquid. In general,
container and the liquid than its stronger intermolecular forces
molecules. The adhesive force CONVEX MENISCUS leads to higher viscosity.
overcomes the cohesive force of the
liquid. This causes the liquid to climb
up on the sides of the container. Occurs when there is stronger
cohesive forces between the liquids
molecules than the adhesive force
between the liquid and the
container. This causes the liquid to
create a dome shape on its surface.
Adhesion – interaction between

FORMATION OF
different materials.
Cohesion – interaction between
same materials

MENISCUS EVAPORATION / VAPORIZATION

CAPILLARY ACTION Evaporation is the process of

turning liquid into gaseous form.
Weaker intermolecular forces
A phenomenon wherein a liquid is
equates to greater volatility.
able to rise up on a narrow tube.
Adhesive forces between the tube
and the liquid allow the liquid to
exceed to its weight. The narrower
the tube, the higher the liquid will
reach.