Reinforced Concrete

Engr. Lito I. Mauro

Reinforced concrete – one in which steel is
embedded in such a manner that the two
materials act together in resisting forces. The
reinforcing steel—rods, bars, or mesh— absorbs
the tensile, shear, and sometimes the
compressive stresses in a concrete structure.
In reinforced concrete, the tensile strength of steel
and the compressive strength of concrete work
together to allow the member to sustain these
stresses over considerable spans.
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
A column can be defined as a vertical
structural member designed to transmit a
compressive load. A Column transmits the
load from ceiling/roof slab and beam,
including its own weight to the foundation.
Types of Columns
Columns can be classified bases on its Shape,
Slenderness ratio, type of loading and
Pattern of lateral reinforcement.
 Classification based on Slenderness ratio
• Long Column or Slender [The length is
greater than the critical buckling length
and it fails by buckling.]
• Short Column [The length is less than
the critical buckling length and it fails by
shearing.]
• Intermediate Column
 Based on shape
1. Rectangle
2. Square
3. Circular
4. Polygon
 Based on type of loading
1. Axially loaded column
2. Axial load and un-axial bending column
3. Axial load and biaxial bending column
Based on pattern of lateral reinforcement
4. Tied columns
5. Spiral columns
Reinforced Concrete Columns
A reinforced concrete column can be
defined as a structural member with a
steel frame (reinforcement bars)
composed of concrete that is been
designed to carry compressive loads.
Spiral Columns
Spiral columns are cylindrical columns with
a continuous helical bar wrapping
around the column. The spiral acts to
provide support in the transverse direction
and prevent the column from barreling.
Tied Columns
Tied columns have closed lateral ties
spaced approximately uniformly across
the column.
The spacing of the ties is limited in that
they must be close enough to prevent
barreling failure between them, and far
enough apart that they o not interfere
with the setting of the concrete.
ACI Code 7.10.5: Vertical spacing of ties
shall not exceed 16 longitudinal bar
diameters, 48 tie bar or wire diameters,
or least dimension of the
compression member.
If the ties are spaced too far apart, the
column will experience shear failure and
barrel in between the ties.
Slender column
Columns qualify as being slender
when their cross sectional area is very
small in proportion to their length.
Basic Construction Process of RCC Column
RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) column
is a structural member of RCC frame
structured building. It is a vertical member
which transfers loads from slab and beam
directly to subsequent soil.
A whole building stands on columns. Most of the
building failure happens due to column
failure. Most of the column failure happens not
for design fault but for the poor construction
practice.
Four stages of works in constructing
RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete)
Column
1. Column layout work
2. Column reinforcement work
3. Column formwork
4. Pouring concrete into column.
Reinforcement of Column sections
Beams
A beam is a structural member which spans
horizontally between supports and carries
loads which act at right angles to the length of
the beam. They are small in cross-section
compared with their span. The width and
depth of a typical beam are “small” compared
with its span. Typically, the width and depth
are less than span/10.
Generally a beam is subjected to two sets of
external forces and two types of internal
forces. The external loads are the loads
applied to the beam and reactions to the
loads from the supports.
The two types of internal force are bending
moments and shear forces. The internal
shear force and the internal bending
moment can be represented as pairs of forces.
Beam with internal and external forces
Types of beams
• Simply supported Beam
• Fixed Beam
• Cantilever Beam
• Continuous Beam
• Overhanging Beam
Typical Construction Joints in Beams
and Columns
1. Construction Joint in Column
Construction joint in column shall not be
provided with smooth surface or inclined
surface. The top surface of the column
should be rough with parts of coarse
aggregates being seen.
Typical Construction Joint in Beams and Beam-Column Joint
Typical construction joint to be
provided in beams and beam column
joints
The arrow symbol shows the direction of
concreting, tick mark shows the
correct method of providing
construction joint while cross-mark
shows the wrong method.
Reinforcement detailing in beams
Reinforcement are provided to resist tensile
stresses due to bending and shear in beams for
singly reinforced sections.
But when depth of section is restricted due to
reasons such as architectural reasons, or
basement floors, the beam section is designed
as doubly reinforced to resist tensile as well as
compressive stresses and are provided with
reinforcement in compression face.
Slab beam or T-beam – a beam is
designed with slab. The beam is
generally designed as simple beam but
additional reinforcement are provided
on top with slab to make it behave
like a T-beam.
Mid-span Details of Tee-Beam
Slab-Beam Details
Types of stirrups in beams
Standard bends and hooks in beams
Reinforcement in cantilever and continuous beams
A concrete slab is common structural
element of modern buildings. Horizontal
slabs of steel reinforced concrete,
typically between 4 and 20in (100 and
500mm) thick, are most often used to
construct floors and ceilings, while
thinner slabs are used for exterior
paving.
Suspended slabs are above-ground level
slabs which are not directly in contact with
the earth. They are commonly used to
create floors for the upper storeys of
houses, but can also be sat on top of pre-
constructed walls to form a ground floor.
Standard concrete floor slab thickness in
residential construction is 4 in.
5 to 6in is recommended if the concrete will
receive occasional heavy loads.
In situ concrete – pour the liquid material into
forms at the building site.
The other method is called precast concrete,
in which building components are
manufactured in a central plant and later
brought to the building site for assembly.
Classification of reinforced concrete
floor slab
1. One-way solid slab and beam
2. Two-way solid slab and beam
3. Ribbed slab
4. Flat slab or girderless floor
One-way slab
The reinforcement run only at one direction, ie.
from beam to beam. It is done for short
spans ranging from 2 – 3.50m.
Additional reinforcements are also placed in the
slab parallel with the beams and
perpendicular with the main reinforcements
called temperature bars.
Usually #3 (8mmø) steel bars are used to
counteract the effect of shrinkage and changes
in temperature.
Two-way slab – slabs supported on four sides
where the floor panel is nearly square is
generally to employ the two directions of
reinforcing bars placed at right angles with
each other.
Thickness of the slab shall not be less than 4in
or 10cm nor less than the perimeter of the
slab divided by 180.
The spacing of reinforcement shall not be more
than 3x the slab thickness and the ratio of
reinforcement shall be at least .0025.
Ribbed slab is applicable only to medium
span length with light or medium
load.
A ribbed floor slab consists of small
adjacent T-beam wherein the open
spaces between the ribs are filled by
clay tiles, gypsum tiles or steel forms.
Flat slab floor is a rectangular slab directly
supported by columns without beams or
girders.
The slab is either uniform in thickness or
provided with square symmetrical area
directly above the column reinforced with
bars running in two directions. The
increased area directly above the column is
called drop panel or simply drop.