MECHANICS OF

MATERIALS II 10
0 TO
N

WAQAR RIAZ
 STRAIN TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL
METHOD)
• Similarly consider a stress element, strain will produce in xy coordinate.
• This strain can be converted/transformed along a new oriented coordinate XY.

y y
Sign Convention
Normal strains positive in +ive x or
direction  + 𝛾 𝑥𝑦 𝜎  𝑦
Shear strain positive if internal angle OAB   𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+𝜖 A 2
+ 𝛾
  𝑥𝑦
is less than 90 𝜎  𝑥
dy 2
B 𝜏  𝑥𝑦
O x x
dx
Hibbler Pg 486   𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+𝜖
 Y

  𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
+𝜖
y
  𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
+𝜖

  𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+𝜖
  𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+𝛾
−
  𝛾 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
dy +𝛾
  𝑥𝑦
  𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
+𝛾
  𝜃 x
X
  𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
+𝜖
−
  𝜖 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
dx   𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+𝜖
Y y
 
  X
𝑑𝑋
  𝑑  𝑦=𝑑𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
 
x
𝑑  𝑥=𝑑𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
 Y

  𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
+𝜖
y
  𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
+𝜖

 𝛽 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝜃 𝑤𝑖𝑡h𝜃 +9

  𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+𝜖
 
  𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+𝛾  𝛾 𝑋𝑌 = 𝛼 −𝛽
−
  𝛾 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝛾
  =− 2 𝜖 − 𝜖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 𝛾 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝜃 − 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 2
𝜃)
𝛿  𝑌 𝑋𝑌 ( 𝑥 𝑦 ) 𝑥𝑦
dy
 𝛽 +𝛾
  𝑥𝑦
  𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
+𝛾
𝛼
 
  𝜃 x
X
  𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
+𝜖
−
  𝜖 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
  dx   𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+𝜖
Y y
𝛿  𝑌 =− 𝛾 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+𝜖 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝜖 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 X
2
𝛿  𝑌 =− 𝛾 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑋 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 𝜃+𝜖 𝑦 𝑑 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝜖 𝑥 𝑑𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑋
  𝑑  𝑦=𝑑𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
 𝛼 =− 𝛾 𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 2 𝜃 +(𝜖 𝑦 − 𝜖 𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
x
 𝛽=− 𝛾 𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − (𝜖 𝑦 − 𝜖 𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑  𝑥=𝑑𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
STRAIN TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL
METHOD)
•  Strain in y-direction can be obtained by replacing with +90 in X strain equation
 

𝛾  𝑋𝑌 =− 2 ( 𝜖 𝑥 − 𝜖 𝑦 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 𝛾 𝑥𝑦 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃)

These equations are similar to the ones obtained for stress transformation and can be rewritten as
 
 

 
 PRINCIPAL NORMAL AND IN-PLANE MAXIMUM
SHEAR STRAIN (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
• Taking the derivative normal and shear strain with respect to angle, the principal normal
strains can be written as

Principal Normal Strains In-plane Maximum Shear Strain

   

Orientation of Principal Normal Strains Orientation of In-Plane Max. Shear Strain

   

Shear Strain in Principal Direction Normal Strain in Max. Shear Direction

  𝜖 𝑥+ 𝜖 𝑦
𝛾  𝑋𝑌 =0 𝜖 𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2
 STRAIN TRANSFORMATION (MOHR’S CIRCLE)

• To find the state of stress at oriented direction.

Squaring and Adding

  𝜖 𝑥 + 𝜖 𝑦 2 𝛾 2𝑋𝑌 𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖 𝑦 𝛾 𝑥 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 2 𝜖𝑥− 𝜖𝑦 𝛾𝑥 𝑦 2

( 𝜖𝑋 −
2 )+
4
= (2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃+
2 ) (
+ −
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃+
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 )
 
 STRAIN TRANSFORMATION (MOHR’S CIRCLE)

• To find the state of strain at oriented direction.

This equation is similar to the general equation of circle

(  𝑋 − h )2 +𝑌 2 = 𝑅2
2 2 h
R   𝜖𝑥− 𝜖𝑦 𝛾 𝑥𝑦

 𝜖 𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝜖  𝑋
 
  𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝜖
𝜖 𝑥+ 𝜖 𝑦
2 𝑅=
√( 2
+) ( )
2
R
X

 𝛾 𝑋𝑌 Y
2
 STRAIN TRANSFORMATION (MOHR’S CIRCLE)

 
 𝜖 𝑎𝑣𝑔  𝜖 𝑥 − 𝜖 𝑦
2
𝜖 𝑥+ 𝜖 𝑦
  𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝜖
2 𝛾
𝜖𝑋
 
R   𝑥𝑦

 𝛾 𝑋𝑌 2
A
  𝜖 𝑥 − 𝜖 𝑦 2 𝛾 𝑥𝑦 2

𝑅=
√( 2 ) ( )
+
2
Break down radius into its component
2
Point A represents the current
state of strain

Mohr circle shows the value of strains in

transformed coordinate system in term of
original coordinate system
 STRAIN TRANSFORMATION (MOHR’S CIRCLE))
  When
How to draw
a Mohr  𝜖 𝑎𝑣𝑔  𝜖 𝑥 − 𝜖 𝑦
Circle? 2
 
Point A coordinates 𝜖 
(, ) R  𝛾 𝑥𝑦 𝑋
 𝜖 𝑥 A2
   𝛾 𝑋𝑌
  Center of the circle
2
  𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝜖 𝑥+ 𝜖 𝑦
𝜖 Join center and point A
2
  𝜖 𝑥 − 𝜖 𝑦 2 𝛾 𝑥𝑦 2

𝑅=
√( 2 ) ( )
+
2
Draw the circle with
radius OA.
 𝜖  𝑦 =50 ×10− 6 For the strain element shown,
y a) Calculate the principle normal strains and in-plane maximum shear strain
 𝛾 𝑥𝑦 =25 ×10 −6 using Mohr’s circle. Also find their orientation.
2 b) Calculate the values of strains if the element is rotated 45 degrees CCW.
Draw the Mohr’s circle for the element shown
−6
x 𝜖  𝑥 =80 ×10  Measure or calculate
  𝜃 𝑠 =55
Draw point A at (-80,-25)   𝜃 𝑃 = 10 Measure or calculate
maximum in-plane shear
Draw center of circle at stress.
C(-80+50)/2=-15 A(-80,-25)

Draw a line passing through

Points A and C. 2  𝜃𝑃 C
AC will be the radius of circle 𝜖  𝑋
−6 −6
 𝜖 𝑝 1 ≈ −86 × 10  𝜖 𝑝 2 ≈ 59 × 10
Draw a circle with center
at C and radius AC. 2
  𝜃𝑠

 
Measure or calculate
Measure or calculate
values of principal
stresses
 𝛾 𝑋𝑌
 𝛾 𝑋𝑌 ≈ 73 × 10−6 2
2
 𝜖  𝑦 =50 ×10− 6 For the stress element shown,
y a) Calculate the principle normal stresses and in-plane maximum shear stress
 𝛾 𝑥𝑦 =25 ×10 −6 using Mohr’s circle. Also find their orientation.
2 b) Calculate the values of stresses if the element is rotated 45 degrees CCW.
Draw the Mohr’s circle for the element shown
−6
x 𝜖  𝑥 =80 ×10

Solve part B and show

the state of stress for
oriented element.?
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAIN
Find the values of principal normal strains

 If both principal normal strains are positive then

 If both principal normal strains are negative then

  one principal normal strain is negative and other

If
positive then
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

• Hibbler Pg 491 E10.1 to 10.7

• Hibbler Pg 500 P10-11, 10-13 (using both analytical and graphical methods)
• Hibbler Pg 503 E10.7
ADDITIONAL LEARNING

• Strain Transformation Example

• Strain Transformation Example 2
SUMMARY

• Strain Transformation using Analytical and Graphical Method