Prepared by: Steven

Brila
 Lesson I: Definition and Process of
Communication
• Communication is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group
to another through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and
semiotic rules.
• Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages through
verbal or nonverbal means, including speech, or oral communication;
writing and graphical representations (such as infographics, maps, and
charts); and signs, signals, and behavior. More simply, communication is
said to be "the creation and exchange of meaning." 

MCA MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. Oral Context and Communication- Week

 The working definition of communication calls attention to four
essential points:
That communications involves
people;

That understanding communication

involves trying to understand how
people relate to each other;

MCA MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. Oral Context and Communication- Week

 That communication
involves shared meaning,
which suggests that in order
for people to communicate,
they must agree on the
definitions of the terms or
symbols they are using; and
That communication involving
symbol-gestures, sounds, letters,
numbers, and words-can only
represent or approximate the
ideas they are meant to
communicate.

MCA MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. Oral Context and Communication- Week

 Sender-Receiver Model
The sender has an idea or concept he/she wants
the receiver to appreciate. Before any useful
outcome can be achieved from the communication,
the receiver must accurately understand the sender’s
idea. This means the message must be effective in
the receiver’s space; if the message does not engage
the receiver, the sender is wasting his/her time.

MCA MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. Oral Context and Communication- Week

 Decoding a message is dependent upon many factors. In most cases, the cultural
background of the receiver relative to the message is what is commonly the basis for
interpreting the message.

Example:
A sender wishing a friend good luck before the latter leaves to join a competition
says, “Break a leg!”
To a native speaker, break a leg is a commonly used as idiomatic expression, but to
someone who has not heard of this expression, this exchange could cause confusion and
worse, ill feelings towards the speaker.
Therefore, it is important that the sender and receiver speak the same language.

MCA MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. Oral Context and Communication- Week

 The Process of Communication
• Communication is an activity or exchange that moves from a
beginning point. It is not an object that we can grasp, but it is an
activity in which people needs to participate. It starts long before
the words begin and can last after the words stop.
• It also involves sharing not only of thoughts and feelings
verbally, in written and spoken mode, but also of their non-
verbal aspects. This refers to body language, including the way
we dress, the number and kind of accessories that we wear, and
all other symbols that relates to the speaker.

MCA MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. Oral Context and Communication- Week

MCA MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. Oral Context and Communication- Week
 TEST YOUR
K N O: Write
Direction W LtheEword
D GTRUE
E before the number if the given
statement is correct. If the sentence is wrong, then write FALSE

________1. People’s participation is not a requirement in the process of

communication.
________2. Communication only involves spoken and written words.
________3. Communication starts even before words are spoken and can last
long after the words have stopped.
________4. Communication may involve any process in which people share
information, ideas, and feelings.
________5. There is more than one level communication.

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 F I E L D O B S E R VA T I O N
Direction: During family talks at home, try to observe a discussion
and take note of the dynamics of communication. After observing,
answer the following questions.
1. Is there a common topic of discussion?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Is there someone who dominates the conversation?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Are the members of the group showing signs of agreement or disagreement?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

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 MY REFLECTION
Direction: From the discussion/lesson, write a short reflection from
the things and new ideas that you’ve gained. Write your answer on
the space provided.
I learned that communication is_________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The most important learning I gained in this lesson is
________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
MCA MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. Oral Context and Communication- Week
 Lesson II: Communication Models
• According to Mortensen, (1979), a model is a systematic
representation of an object or event in idealized and abstract form.
This models serve as representations designed to provide a
simplified view of a process so that fundamental characteristics can
be examined.
• Models of communication are conceptual models used to explain the
human communication process. The first major model for
communication was developed in 1948 by Claude Shannon and
published with an introduction by Warren Weaver for
Bell Laboratories. Following the basic concept, communication is
the process of sending and receiving messages or transferring
information from one part (sender) to another (receiver).

MCA MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. Oral Context and Communication- Week

 Different Communication Models

LINEAR MODEL

INTERACTIVE
MODEL

TRANSACTIONAL
MODEL

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 Laswell’s Linear Model of Communication

The Linear Model views communication as a one way or linear process in

which the speaker speaks and the listener listens. Laswell’s (1948) model was based
on the five questions below, which effectively describe how communication works.
The Lasswell Communication Model describes verbal communication and
consists of five elements. Who says What, in Which channel, to Whom, with What
effect? This model is also called a 'linear model of communication', 'uni-directional
process' or 'action model, because it describes a one-way process within
communication.
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 Shannon and Weaver Linear Model of Communication

Shannon and Weaver (1949) introduced the concept of noise in

communication . This model states that the information is encoded and goes through
a channel or transmitter. The information is then decoded by the receiver and goes to
the destination. In the middle, the noise interferes with the process. Anything that has
nothing to do with the message but gets into the process of encoding, is noise. It may
come from the background, from a malfunctioning microphone or from the anxiety
that the speaker is undergoing at the moment of speaking.

MCA MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC. Oral Context and Communication- Week

 Berlo’s SMCR Communication Model
Another proponent of
linear model is Berlo’s SMCR
Model of Communication.
In 1960, David Berlo
postulated Berlo’s Sender-
Message-Channel-Receiver Model
of Communication from Shannon
and Weaver’s model (1949). He
described the factors that are
affecting the individual
components of communication,
making the communication more
efficient.

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 Interactive Model
Schramm (1955) and Wood (2009) came out
with a more interactive model that saw the
receiver or listener providing feedback to the
sender or speaker. The speaker or sender of the
message also listens to the feedback given by the
receiver or listener. Both the speaker and the
listener take turns to speak and to listen to each
other. Feedback is given either verbally or
nonverbally, or in both ways.
This model also indicates that the speaker and
listener communicate better if they have common
fields of experience, or field which overlap.

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 Transactional Model
The main drawback in the interactive model is that
it does not indicate that communicators can both send
and receive messages simultaneously. This model also
fails to show that communication is a dynamic process
which changes over time.
The transactional model shows that the elements
in communication are interdependent. Each person in
the communication act as both a speaker and a listener
and can be simultaneously sending and receiving
messages.
Also, the figure shows that the model takes into
account “noise” or interferes in communication as
well as the time factor.
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 Helical Model of Communication
A helical model (from Dance, 1967) is an example
of transactional model of communication.
This model is also known as dance model in which
it takes the shape of a helix, which symbolizes
continuity, progress, and accumulation.
From the structure illustrated, the direction and
movement of the lines indicate flexibility in the
communication process. The connectedness of the past
to the present is clearly indicated. This implies that
communication is a continuously moving activity
where everything that has occurred in the past
contributes to the unraveling of the present event.

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 MODEL- MAKING
Direction: Based on your understanding of the communication
process, draw in the box below a diagram of the simplest possible
communication model.

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 CRITICAL REFLECTION
Direction: Describe briefly the significant features of the models of
communication below.

Liner Model Interactive Model Transactional Model

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 MY REFLECTION
Direction: Now that you have a clear understanding of the models
of communication, identify the most appropriate model for a
specific situation which you experience in school. Write your
answer on a sheet of paper. Be ready to share to the class why you
selected that model.
Listening to how students engage in conversation at the cafeteria today, I have
observed that most students use the ___________________ communication
model. For example,
_______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Although it is the model commonly used by the students, I wonder if it could be
the same in other communication scenarios involving other types of speakers.

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