HAWASS UNIVERSITY

IOT
RAILWAY ASSIGNMENT
Geological structure related to tunneling
 Geologic structures
• Geological structures are structures in the Earth’s crust that have geological causes.  There are
many types of geological structures and these can have several causes. Types of geologic
structure
1.Faults
A fault is a zone in rocks where movement has occurred. Due to high pressures caused by tectonics
, a fault in the rock can be formed. There are several types of faults.
• Folds

A fold in a rock is usually the result of major tectonic forces. By a mountain formation (orogeny) rocks are

deformed and folded on a large scale. A fold (in cross section) downwards is called a syncline, a top an 
anticline.
• Sedimentary structures

In sediments many structures occur as a result of the deposition and the environment. Sedimentary structures are formed during

the formation of the sediment. Examples are cross stratification and wave ripples. See also our article on Sedimentary structures.

• Erosion structures

Erosion is the abrasion of the Earth's surface. Most erosion is caused by wind (aeolian), running water (rain, rivers, seacurrents,

waves etc.), or due to the works of ice (freezing/melting, glaciers, ice sheets). Erosion through volcanism or earthquakes is much

rarer. Because of these erosion processes many different kinds of geomorphological structures can be formed, wich can be

preserved in sediments when the eroded layers are again covered by new sediments. Geological structures like glacier

 marks, gullies and unconformities can than later be found in the sediments.

EFFECT OF GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE TO
TUNNELING
EFFECT OF FAULTS
TUNNEL EXCAVATION IN THE SLOPE
EFFECT OF FOLDS
  

DIP AND STRIKE

• These two quantitative properties of rocks determine the attitude (disposition in space) of the
rocks and hence influence the design of excavation (tunnel) to a great extent.

• Horizontal Strata
When encountered for small tunnels or for short lengths of long tunnels, horizontally layered rocks
might be considered quite favourable.
 In massive rocks, that is, when individual layers are very thick, and the tunnel diameter not very
large, the situation is especially favourable because the layers would then over bridge flat
excavations by acting as natural beams
But when The layers are thin or fractured, they cannot be depended upon as beams; in such cases, either the
roof has to be modified to an arch type or has to be protected by giving a lining.
Sides of tunnels, however, could be left unsupported except when the rocks are precariously sheared and
jointed.
Moderately Inclined Strata.
 
Such layers that are dipping at angles up to 45 o may be said as moderately inclined.
 The tunnel axis may be running parallel to the dip direction, at right angles to the dip direction or inclined to both dip and strike directions.
 In the first situation, that is, when the tunnel axis is parallel to the dip direction the layers offer a uniformly distributed load on the excavation.
steeply Inclined Strata
 
     In rock formations dipping at angles above 45 o , quite complicated situations


would arise when the tunnel axis is parallel to dip or parallel to strike or inclined to
both dip and strike directions.
 
   In almost vertical rocks for example, when the tunnel axis is parallel to dip


direction, the formations stand along the sides and on the roof of the tunnel as
massive girders.
 
• https://www.brainkart.com/article/Application-Of-Geological-Investigations--Weathering_3822/
Thank you