Biology home work class 12

science
Submitted by Suyam Roka
Chapter 1 Reproduction in organisms
Questions solution
1.Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all living organisms . It is a
biological through which living organisms produce offspring's similar to
them. It ensures the continuity of various species on the Earth.

2.Sexual reproduction is better mode of reproduction as it is possible when

the male and the female gametes fuse together. In this process the offspring
produce are not exactly identical to the parents which in turn helps the
offspring to adapt to the surrounding faster and have a better chances of
survival. Whereas in the asexual reproduction the offspring's produced are
the exact photocopy of the parents so if there was anything that affected its
parent then the same thing can affect the offspring as well.
3.The offspring’s for asexually are called clone of their parents because
in this type of reproduction only one parent is required and the fusion
of the gametes don’t not take place but instead it gust multiplies itself.

4.The offspring’s formed due to sexual reproduction have a better

chances of survival because the offspring’s is produced by the
formation of two gametes and in that process the traits that were
recessive it their parent cold be dominant which in turn could help the
species to adapt to the surroundings that they were not able to adapt
till now.
5.How does the progeny formed by asexual
reproduction different from that of sexual reproduction
Progeny formed by asexual Progeny formed by sexual
reproduction reproduction
Offspring’s produced don’t show Offspring’s produce show
variation and are hence called variation from each other and
clones. their parents.
Progeny produced are more Progeny produced may be less
susceptible to changes in the susceptible to environment due to
environment and are therefore variations present and therefore
hardy may be more hardy.
6.Difference between sexual and asexual
reproduction
Sexual reproduction
It involves the fusion of the male
and the female gamete.
Requires two individuals
Most animals use this process of
reproduction.
Both sexual and asexual types of
reproduction are common in the
plants.
Asexual reproduction
It does not involve the fusion of
two gametes.
Requires one individual.
This mode of reproduction is
common in organisms having
simple organizations such as algae
and fungi.
6.Vegitative propagation is a process by which new plants are obtained
without the production of seeds or spores.

7.Vegitative propagation is a process by which new plants are formed but with
out the help of seeds but they arise from the parts of the mother plant.
Examples are
a. Eyes of potatoes
the surface of the potato has several eyes called buds and when the buds
are buried in the soil the form new potatoes.
b. Leaf buds of Bryophyllum
These leaves bear several adventitious buds on their margins which have the
ability to grow and develop into tiny plants when they get detached from the
leaf and come in contact with the moist soil.
8.a. Juvenile phases-it is the period of growth in an individual organism
after its birth and before it reaches reproductive maturity.
b. Reproductive phases-it is the period when an individual organism is
capable of reproducing sexually in this phase their reproductive system
matures and produces gametes that can fertilize to form zygote.
c. Senescent phase-it is a period when an organism grows old and loses
the ability to reproduce.

9.Although sexual reproduction requires more time and energy higher

organisms have resorted to this method because with each offspring
there is a chance that the offspring’s may have modified some parts of
the body or could have stopped developing the parts that were least
important to them which could come in favor in the case of survial or any
other aspect for that matter.
10.Explain why meiosis and gametogenesis
always inter linked
Gametogenesis is the process of gamete production while meiosis is
the process of reduction division in which the chromosome number is
reduced to half in order to produce gametes which are haploid in
nature the cells have to under go meiosis thus they both are inter
linked.
Chapter 2 sexual reproduction in flowering
plants Questions solutions
1.Development of male gametophyte occurs in the pollen sac of anther up to
2-celled stage and the female gamete develops in the nucleus of the ovule.

2.Sporogenous tissue-pollen mother cell-microspore tetrad-pollen grains-

male gametes.

3. In many flowing plants only one out of the four megaspores enlarges and
develops into female gametophyte or embryo sac the other three megaspores
degenerate. This type of embryo sac formation is called monosporic type
development.
4. Chasmogamous flower are open flowers in which anter and stigma
are exposed for pollination hence the cross pollination can occur in
these type of flowers.
In the case of cleistogamous flowers they remain closed so there fore
self pollination occurs.

5.The two most common devices that ensures cross-pollinations are

a. Dichogamy- maturation of anther and filament at different times in a
bisexual flower prevent self pollination.
b. Self-sterility- due to presence of self sterility gone in some flowers,
pollen grains do not germinate on the stigma of that flower.
6.The zygote after a period of rest develops into embryo. Most zygotes
remain dormant till certain amount of endosperms forms they do so to
provide assured nutrition to the developing embryo.

7.Botanically ripened ovary is called a true fruit. The fruits in which

thalamus and other floral parts develop along with the ovary are called
false fruits . Ovary forms the fruit after the fertilization or without
fertilization in parthenocarpy fruits where as the thalamus forms the
edible portion of the fruit.

8.Emasculation is the removal of stamens mainly the anthers from the

flower buds before their dehiscence. This is mainly done to avoid self
pollination.
Chapter 3 human reproduction Questions
solution
1. The two major functions of testis are
a. They produce male gametes called spermatozoa by the process of
spermatogenesis
b. The Leydig cells of the seminiferous tubules secretes the make sex hormones
called testosterone which aids the development of secondary sex characteristics.
The two main function of the ovary are
a. They produce female gametes called ova by the process of oogenesis.
b. The growing graafian follicle secretes the female sex hormones called
estrogen which aids the development of secondary sex characteristics in
females.
2. The production of sperms in the testis take place in a highly coiled
structure called the seminiferous tubules which are located In the
testicular lobes.it is lined on its inner side by two types of cells namely
spermatogonia and Sertoli cells respectively. Spermatogonia are male
germ cells which produce primary spermatocyte by meiotic division.
Sertoli cells are also called as nurse cells. There are large ppolygonal cells
known as interstitial calls or Leydig cells just adgesent to the
seminiferous tubules these cells secrete the male hormone called
testosterone.

3.a.Spermiogenesis-it is the process of transforming spermatids into

mature spermatozoa or sperms.
b. Spermiation-process when mature spermatozoa are released from the
Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.
4. Follicle stimulating hormones and luteinizing hormones are secreted by
the gonadotropin- releasling hormones from the hypothalamus. These
hormones are involved in the regulation of the process of
spermatogenesis. FSH acts on the Sertoli cells where as the LH acts on the
Leydig cells of the testis and stimulates the process of spermatogenesis.

5. Dogs and rodents are polyovulatory species. In these species more than
one ovum is released from the ovary at the time of ovulation. Hence six
eggs were released by the ovary of a female dog to produce six puppies.

6. Parturition is the process of giving birth to a baby as the development of

the foetus gets completed in the mothers womb.
Oxytocin is responsible for the contraction of the walls of the uterus during
child birth.
7. The sex of the baby is determined by the father as in human beings
there are 23 pairs of chromosomes out of which 22 are the traits of the
body where as the 23rd pair is responsible for the sex of the baby.in
females the chromes are of XX type which means they have the same
type of chromosomes where as in males we have XY type of
chromosomes so during reproduction both the parents contribute and
irrespective of who it is the mother will always give the X chromosomes
and it is the father that gives X or Y chromosomes thus deciding the sex
of the baby.
Chapter 4 Reproductive health questions
solutions
1.Reproductive health can be termed as the total wellbeing in possibly
all the aspects of reproduction including emotional, physical, behavioral
and the social wellbeing. Some diseases can be transmitted from one
individual to another through sexual contact such diseases are HIV, Aids
etc. If the public is unaware of all this then the population of that area
or country can increase at a very fast rate which can lead to over
population, poverty and unemployment.
2. The different aspects that require special
attention are as follows
• Awareness needs to be created in the reproductive and the child
healthcare.
• Creating awareness among people by counselling about reproductive
organs.
• Sex education needs to be introduced in schools
• People need to be educated about the different birth control
measures.
3.Sex education is necessary in schools it is because of the following
reasons-
a. To impart apt and necessary information to students in order to
save them from misconceptions and myths about sex related topics.
b. Provides appropriate knowledge about adolescence, reproductive
organs and related concepts.
c. Create awareness amongst students about the need for hygienic
and safe sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases. This helps
students specifically those in adolescence to lead a healthy,
reproductive life.
4.Yes there has been enormous improvement in the past 50 years here
are some of the areas of improvement-
a. The diseases in the infant mortality rate can be attributed to the
massive child immunization program.
b. The awareness created through the family planning programs has
seen people opting for smaller families.
c. Disease in the rate of sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted
pregnancies due to use of contraception.
5.The suggested reason for population
explosion are-
• Rapid decline in the death rate
• Decline in maternal mortality rate
• Decline in infant mortality rate
• Increase in the number of people in reproducible age
• Increasing birth rate in the population

6.Removal of gonads cannot be considered as a contraceptive option

because it will lead to permanent infertility. It will also stop secretions
of various important hormones necessary for the body.
7. Some methods to assists infertile couples to have children's are-
1.Test tube baby program
The ova from the female and the sperms from the male are collected and are
induced to form zygote under stimulated conditions in the laboratory. Then,
zygote produced is then transferred to the fallopian tube of a normal woman.
2.Gamate intra fallopian transfer (gift)
Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another
female who cannot produced ova, but can provide a suitable environment for
fertilization.
3.Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)- a sperm is directly injected to the
ovum.
4.Artificial insemination(AI)
The semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially
introduced either in the vagina or the uterus of the female.