MICROBIOLOGY &

PARASITOLOGY FOR
ENGINEERS (LECTURE)

BSSE 3A
NOVEMBER 2, 2021 3:30-5:00
Tissues
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

 Introduction:

 A. Cells are arranged in tissues that provide

specific functions for the body.

5-3
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

 B. Cells of different tissues are structured

differently, which leads to their differences
in function.
 C. The tissues of the human body include
four major types.

5-4
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

D. These four tissue types have a

wide range of functions, as shown in
the following table.

5-5
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

 Epithelial Tissues:
A. General Characteristics
1. Epithelial tissue is widespread
throughout the body, covers
organs, and lines body surfaces.
2. Epithelial tissues are anchored
to a basement membrane, are
made up of tightly packed cells
containing little intercellular
material, generally lack blood
vessels, and are replaced
frequently.

5-6
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

B. Simple Squamous Epithelium

1. Simple squamous epithelium is
made up of a single layer of
thin, flattened cells.
2. Because it is suited for
diffusion, it functions in the
exchange of gases in the lungs
and lines blood and lymph vessels
as well as body cavities.

5-7
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5-8
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

C. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

1. Simple cuboidal epithelium

consists of a single layer of
cube-shaped cells with centrally
located nuclei.
2. It functions in secretion and
absorption in the kidneys, and in
secretion in glands.

5-9
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5 - 10
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

D. Simple Columnar Epithelium

1. Simple columnar epithelium is
made up of a row of
elongated cells whose nuclei are all
located near the basement
membrane. It may be ciliated.
2. It lines the uterus, stomach,
and intestines where it
protects underlying tissues,
secretes digestive fluids, and
absorbs nutrients.

5 - 11
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. In the intestine, these cells

possess microvilli that increase the surface
area available for absorption.
4. Mucus-secreting goblet cells
can be found among columnar cells.

5 - 12
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

E. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

1. These cells appear layered due to the

varying positions of their nuclei within
the row of cells, but are not truly
layered.
2. Cilia may be present, along with
mucus-secreting globlet cells, that
line and sweep debris from
respiratory tubes.

5 - 13
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5 - 14
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

F. Stratified Squamous Epithelium

1. This type of tissue is made up

of layers of flattened cells that are
designed to protect underlying
layers.
2. It makes up the outer layer of
skin, and lines the mouth, throat,
vagina, and anal canal.

5 - 15
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. In the skin, outer layers of cells

undergo keratinization; however, this
process does not occur where tissues
remain moist in the throat, vagina, or
anal canal.

5 - 16
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

G. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

1. This tissue consists of two to
three layers of cuboidal cells
lining a lumen of the mammary
glands, sweat glands, salivary
glands, and pancreas.
2. Several layers of cells provide
greater protection than one
single layer.

5 - 17
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5 - 18
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

H. Stratified Columnar Epithelium

1. This tissue consists of several
layers of cells and is found in the vas
deferens, part of the male urethra,
and parts of the pharynx.

5 - 19
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

I. Transitional Epithelium
1. Transitional epithelium is
designed to distend and return to its
normal size, as it does in the lining of
the urinary bladder.
2. This design provides
distensibility and keeps urine from
diffusing back into the internal
cavity.

5 - 20
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5 - 21
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

J. Glandular Epithelium
1. This tissue is made up of cells
designed to produce and
secrete substances into ducts or into
body fluids.
2. Glands that secrete products
into ducts are exocrine; those
that secrete into body fluids and
blood are called endocrine.

5 - 22
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. Glands are classified by the ways

they secrete their products.
a. Merocrine glands release fluid
products by exocytosis
(pancreas) and are grouped as
serous which produce a watery
fluid or mucus which produce a
thicker, protective substance.

5 - 23
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

b. Apocrine glands lose portions

of their cell bodies during
secretion (mammary glands).
c. Holocrine glands release entire
cells (sebaceous glands).

5 - 24
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Connective Tissues:
A. General Characteristics
1. Connective tissues bind, support,
protect, serve as frameworks, fill
spaces, store fat, produce blood
cells, protect against infection,
and repair tissue damage.
2. Unlike epithelial tissues,
connective tissues have
abundant matrix, or intercellular
material, throughout, and have good
blood supplies (except cartilage).

5 - 25
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

B. Major Cell Types

1. The fibroblast is the most
common cell type, and is a
fixed, star-shaped cell that
secretes fibers and is large in size.
2. Wandering macrophages
function as scavenger cells and
defend against infection.

5 - 26
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. Mast cells are large and are located

near blood vessels where they
release heparin (anticoagulant) and
histamine (promotes inflammation).

5 - 27
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

C. Connective Tissue Fibers

1. Strong collagenous fibers
(white fibers), made of the
protein collagen, add strength for
holding body parts together.
2. Elastic fibers (yellow fibers),
made of the protein elastin, are
stretchy and add flexibility to certain
types of connective tissues.

5 - 28
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. Reticular fibers are thin collagenous

fibers that form supportive networks
in a variety of tissues.

5 - 29
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

D. Loose Connective (areolar) Tissue

1. This type of tissue forms
delicate, thin membranes
throughout the body that bind body
parts together such as skin and
underlying organs.
2. The majority of the cells are
fibroblasts that are separated
by a gel-like ground substance that
contains collagenous and elastic
fibers.

5 - 30
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5 - 31
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

E. Adipose Tissue

1. Adipose tissue is loose

connective tissue designed to store
fat.
2. It is found beneath the skin,
around joints, padding the
kidneys and other internal
organs, and in certain
abdominal membranes.

5 - 32
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5 - 33
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

F. Dense Connective Tissue

1. This tissue consists of densely
packed collagenous fibers and is
very strong but lacks a good blood
supply.
2. It is found as part of tendons
and ligaments.

5 - 34
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5 - 35
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

G. Cartilage
1. Cartilage is a rigid connective
tissue that provides a
supportive framework for various
structures. It lacks a vascular
system and so heals slowly.
2. Cartilage cells (chondrocytes)
lie within lacunae in the gel- like
fluid matrix.

5 - 36
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. Cartilaginous structures are

enclosed within a connective tissue
perichondrium.
4. The most common, hyaline
cartilage, is white with abundant
fine collagen fibers, is found at the
ends of bones, and supports
respiratory passages.

5 - 37
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5. Elastic cartilage, with elastic fibers,

provides a framework for the
external ears and parts of the
larynx.
6. Fibrocartilage, with many
collagenous fibers, is a tough tissue
that provides a shock-absorbing
function in intervertebral disks and in
the knees and pelvic girdle.

5 - 38
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5 - 39
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

H. Bone
1. Bone is the most rigid
connective tissue, with deposits
of mineral salts and collagen within
the matrix.
2. Bone internally supports the
body, protects, forms muscle
attachments, and is the site for
blood cell formation.

5 - 40
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. Bone cells, called osteocytes, lie

within lacunae and are arranged in
concentric circles (osteons) around
osteonic canals interconnected by
canaliculi.
4. Bone has a good blood supply,
enabling rapid recovery after an
injury.

5 - 41
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5 - 42
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

I. Blood
1. Blood is composed of cells (red and
white) suspended in a liquid matrix called
plasma.
2. It functions to transport substances
throughout the body.

5 - 43
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Muscle Tissues:
A. General Characteristics
1. Muscle cells, or fibers, can contract
and consist of three major types.

5 - 44
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

B. Skeletal Muscle Tissue

1. Skeletal muscle is attached to
bone and can be controlled by
conscious effort (voluntary).
2. The cells (muscle fibers) are
long and cylindrical, striated,
have many nuclei, and contract
from nervous impulse.

5 - 45
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

C. Smooth Muscle Tissue

1. Smooth muscle tissue lacks
striations, is uni-nucleate, and
consists of spindle-shaped cells.
2. This involuntary muscle is
found in the walls of internal
organs, and in the digestive tract,
blood vessels, and urinary
bladder.

5 - 46
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5 - 47
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

D. Cardiac Muscle Tissue

1. Cardiac muscle tissue is found
only in the heart and consists of
branching fibers that are
connected to each other with
intercalated disks.
2. This involuntary muscle has a
single nucleus in each cell but
appears striated.

5 - 48
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5 - 49
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Nervous Tissues:
A. Nervous tissues are found in the
brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
B. Neurons, or nerve cells, conduct
nervous impulses while helper cells, or
neuroglia, support and nourish the
neurons.

5 - 50
  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5 - 51
 Epithelial Membranes
 Composed of a layer of epithelial tissue and a
layer of connective tissue
 Cover body surfaces and line body cavities
 Four main types: serous, mucous, synovial,
and cutaneous
 Considered to be organs because these
membranes are composed of more than one
type of tissue

5 - 52
 CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

 Types of Membranes

A. Serous membranes line body cavities that

lack openings to the outside.
1. They line the thorax and abdomen
and cover the organs within these
cavities.
2. Serous membranes are made up of
epithelium and loose connective
tissue and secrete serous fluid that acts
as a lubricant.

5 - 53
 CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

B. Mucous membranes line the cavities and

openings that lead to the outside of the
body, including the oral and nasal cavities,
and openings of the digestive, reproductive,
respiratory, and urinary systems.
1. They consist of epithelium and
connective tissue with specialized cells
that secrete mucus.

5 - 54
 CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

C. Synovial membranes line the joint cavities.

1. These membranes consist of only
connective tissues, and they secrete
lubricating synovial fluid.
D. The cutaneous membrane consists of the
skin (also called the integument).

5 - 55