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Leadership and
Management

Reporters: Cemania, Jonah Micah L. TITLE D

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Maun, Jemma
Tanglao, Jerome
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Key Leadership theories:

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● Trait theories.

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● Behavioral theories.
● Contingency theories.

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● Power and influence
theories.

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A. The Trait Leadership Theories
● The trait theory of leadership is a model based on
the notion that people are born with characteristics and

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personalities that make them either leaders or non-
leaders.
● To name a few traits that comprised this list are the
following: intelligence, confidence, fairness, charisma,
honesty, persuasiveness, aggressiveness and being

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well-spoken. However, not every person can be
considered a 'great leader’.
● In criminology, the trait theory is explained in relation
to leadership positions within the criminal justice
system, like in policing.

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● As described in most research findings, law
enforcement agencies are most efficient under great
leadership. Example, a police chief may need a
respectable personality, an ability to institute real

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change and selfless service to his or her employees.
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Individual Trait Theory

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is based on a mix between biological factors and

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environmental factors. Loosely, we all have parameters set
by our genetics, and our experiences determine how we act.
“Sociologists stress how biological and genetic conditions
affect the perception and learning of social behaviors,
which in turn are linked to existing environmental

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structures” (Siegel, 2009).

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Gordon Allport, one of the pioneers of trait theory,
recognized that there are 4000 personality traits, so he
grouped these into three categories: 1) Cardinal, 2) Central

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and 3) Secondary.

1. Cardinal traits are defined as traits that summarize

a person entirely. For example, someone who is
narcissistic.

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2. Central traits are words used to describe a person
such as kind, funny, or loud.

3. Secondary traits are defined as traits that only

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pertain to a person in certain situations. For instance, if
you become aggressive in traffic and have “road rage”
(Sincero, 2012). This can be a very important factor in
profiling of criminals.

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● A serial killer have the tendency a
cardinal trait of narcissism, this is

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because he is usually self-centered; a
trait one cannot change.
● A person may also have central traits
that include a lack of empathy or the

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ability to manipulate because while he
cannot be defined by these traits, he can
be described by them.
● A person may also have the secondary

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traits of charm or intimidation. These
traits can be used to his advantage in
certain situations to manipulate (Kouri,

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2009).
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B. The Behavioral Leadership

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Theory

● The behavioral leadership theory describes

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how leaders behave and assume that these traits
can be copied or modeled by other leaders.
Behavioral leadership theory is sometimes called
the style theory.

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● This theory suggests that leaders are not born
successfully good, but can be one based on
learnable behavior.
● Behaviorists view crimes as learned responses

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to life's situations. Social learning theory, which
is a branch of behavior theory, is the most
relevant to criminology.

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The Behavioral Leadership

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Theory

Behavioral theory argues that behavior can

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be learned overtime. The environment where
he is always exposed is one major factor in
the development of behaviors. Edwin
Sutherland's landmark work, Principles of

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Criminology, introduced the theory that
criminal behavior happens in a cultural
conflict where association or close

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interaction with criminals increases
criminal behavior. According to this
behavioral theory, behaviors differentiate
leader from non-leaders.
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Trait and behavioral theorist differ in
terms of their underlying assumption.

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Trait Theory: leaders are born, not
made
Behavioral Theory; LeadershIp traits
can be taught or learned.

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C. The Power and Influence

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Leadership Theory
● Power-and-Influence leadership theory focuses

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on how leaders can motivate their team by using
(surprise, surprise) their power and/or influence.
The main study supporting this theory in action
was conducted by John French and Bertram
Raven in 1959.3

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● Power is the capacity to get others to act and
move based on positional authority that is
exercised over others; often leading to
resentment or complain.

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● Influence is the ability to modify how a person
develops, behaves, or thinks based on
relationships and persuasion; often leading to
respect.

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Difference Between Power and

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Influence

● Power is capacity to get others to

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act based on positional authority
that is exercised over others; often
leading to resentment.

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● Influence is the ability to modify
how a person develops, behaves,
or thinks based on relationships

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and persuasion; often leading to
respect (McIntosh & Luecke
(2011)
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● Power and influence theory. Power-and-

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Influence leadership theory focuses on how
leaders can motivate their team by using
their power and/or influence.

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● Power and influence both refer to
naturally possessed traits that follow as a
consequence of authority. The difference
lies in how these two approaches to

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leadership encourage a team to complete
their work. ... Power forces people to
complete a task, where influence helps

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them understand why that task is necessary.
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Power VS Influence

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Takes an
Little transparency interdepended
as the greater team is approach to
excluded from teamwork, including

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decision-making various stakeholder
in decision making.

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D. The Contingency Leadership

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Theory
● Contingency theory emphasizes the external
environment (Hage & Aiken, 1970; Van de Ven

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& Drazin, 1985). For police agencies, the
population served by the police agency, the
political system, and the magnitude and form of
crime are examples of the external environment.

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● Advocates and proponents of the contingency
theory claim that the character of the external
environment drives organizational changes
● However, environments keep on changing,

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which means individual organizations must
confront and adapt to the best of their abilities.
● When an organization no longer meets its goals
effectively or efficiently, adaptation of its
structure must happen, “by moving into fit, in
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