Atoms and Electrons Ohms Law Resistance

E1 – Electrical Fundamentals
# 1 - Atoms and Electrons, Ohm’s Law,

and Resistance

Atoms
• Nucleus: the center
– Made up of neutrons and protons
• Neutrons
– Neutral particles
– Neither positive nor negative 8+
• Protons 8n
– Positively charged particles
• Electrons
– Negatively charged particles 1 Oxygen atom
– Orbit around the nucleus
© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   2

Molecules
• Atoms can combine to form molecules

1 Hydrogen atom 1 Hydrogen atom Molecules
1 proton 1 electron 1 proton 1 electron
1 Molecule of Water
1+ 1+
8+
8n
2 Hydrogen + 1 Oxygen =
8 protons
1 Oxygen atom
8 neutrons 8 electrons
H2O
Positive and Negative Charges
• Balanced charge: electrons equal protons

• Unbalanced charge: allows electrons to flow
– Negative charge: more electrons than protons
– Positive charge: less electrons than protons

Balanced Charge
1+ 1+
8+
8n
10 Protons and 10 Electrons

“Neutral”
Positively Charged Molecule
1+ 1+
8+
8n

“Positive”
Negatively Charged Molecule
1+ 1+
8+
8n

“Negative”
Conductors
• Free electrons easily leave their orbits

• Materials with free electrons are conductors
• Copper atoms have a free electron

Copper Atom
Nucleus of neutrons
and protons
29 electrons
Valence or
‘free’ electron

Current flow in a Conductor
• Free electrons can be forced to move

from atom to atom by:
1. Friction – Static electricity
2. Chemical – Batteries
3. Magnetic (induction) - Generator

Current flow through copper
Vo
lta
ge
kn
oc
ke
d
ele
ctr
on
fre
e
Copper is a good conductor
Empty space
attracts free
electron

OHM’s Law
• 1 volt will push 1 amp through 1 ohm of resistance
• Electromotive force = Intensity x Resistance
E=IxR
E = IR
– Electromotive force (E) = Volts
– Intensity (I) = Amps
– Resistance (R) = Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
Note: E = I x R can also be expressed as
Volts = Amps x Resistance

Using Ohm’s Law Equation
1. E = I x R
(Volts = Amps x Resistance)
2. Solving for I, divide R into E:
E  R = I, or
E/R = I
3. Solving for R, divide I into E:
E  I = R, or
E/I = R
Intro to the Math Behind Ohm’s Law
You may divide both sides of an equation
by any number (except 0.)
50 x 2 =20 x 5
100 =20 x 5
5 5
20 =20 x 5
5
20 =20
The Math Behind OHM’s Law #1
E=IxR
For example: 10 volts = (2 amps) x (5 ohms)
Solve for E: Solve for volts:
E = I x R volts = 10
2 x 5
Solve for I: Solve for amps:
E = I x R 10=
2 amps x 5
Solve for R: Solve for ohms:

E = I x R 10=
5 2 x ohms
The Math Behind OHM’s Law #2
E=IxR
For example: 10 volts = (2 amps) x (5 ohms)
Ohm’s Law The Math
Solve for E: Solving for volts:
E = I x R volts = 10
2 x 5
Solve for I: Solving for amps:
E = I x R 10
2 = amps x 5
Solve for R: Solving for ohms:

E = I x R 5 = 2 x ohms
10
Ohm’s Law Example 1:
What is the voltage supplied to the
following circuit?
R = 24 Ω
E=?V
I = 5 amps
E = IR
Solve for E (voltage):
E = 5 amps x 24 Ω
E = 5 x 24
E = 120 volts
What is the current (intensity in amps)
in the following circuit?
R = 10 Ω
E = 120 V
I = ? amps
E = IR
Solve for I (intensity in amps):
ER=I
120 v  10 Ω = ? amps
120  10 = 12 amps
What is the resistance (ohms) of the load
below?
R = ? Ohms Ω
E = 120 V
I = .83 amps
E = IR
Solve for R (Resistance in ohms):
EI=R
120 v  .83 amps = ? Ω
120  .83 = 145 Ω
Ohm’s Law Disc
• Using a “disc” is another way to solve the

Ohm’s Law equation

OHM’s Law Disc
E = Electromotive Force
(Volts)
E
I R
I = Intensity R = Resistance
(Amps) (OHMS Ω)

OHM’s Law
Disc
ToTofind
findResistance
Current
Voltage
E
E I R E
R= I I= R
E=I x R
Reviewing OHM’s Law Disc
E = Electromotive Force
(Volts)
To find Voltage
E E
I R IR
I = Intensity R = Resistance
(Amps) (OHMs Ω) E=I xR
To find Current To find Resistance
E E
I R E I R
I =E R R=
I
Calculating Electrical Power
• “Power is the rate at which work is done.”

• Power = Intensity x Electromotive force
• P = IE
• Power (watts) = Amps x Volts

Example 4: What is the power consumption of an

electric circuit using 15 amperes and 120 volts?
Power (watts) = Amps x Volts

Power = Intensity x Electromotive force
P = IE
P = 15 amps x 120 volts
P = 15 x 120
P = 1800 Watts

Example 5: What is the current of an electric

heater rated at 4800 watts on 240 volts?
Power (watts) = Amps x Volts

Power = Intensity x Electromotive force
P = IE solve for I
PE=I
4800 watts  240 volts = I (amps)
4800  240 = 20 Amps

Example 6: What is the power of an

electric circuit with 5 amps current
and 10 ohms resistance?
Power = Amps2(squared) x Ohms
Power = Intensity2 x Resistance
P = I2R
P = 52 amps x 10 ohms
P = 52 x 10
P = 25 x 10
P = 250 Watts

Ohm’s Law Wheel
• All applications of Ohm’s Law formulas

can be represented as the spokes of a
wheel

Ohms Law Wheel
P is Power in Watts E2 E I is Intensity in Amps
R R P
I R
2
E P
IE P I R
PR ER E
I .
P E 2
I IR P .P
I2
E is Electromotive force R is Resistance in Ohms
in Volts
Resistance & Loads
• Resistance:
– Opposition to electron flow in the circuit
– Measured in ohms (Ω)
• Loads:
– Must have some resistance
– Provide a path for electron flow

Compare Resistance to Crossing a Gorge
• Resistance is the open space between the

shores
• Cars represent electrons
• Bridges represent loads
• Without bridges there is no way the cars
can cross
• This is known as “infinite” resistance

Infinite Resistance
Go Team!

A load is added
• The load provides a path for electrons

• There is still high resistance to flow
• But it is no longer infinite resistance

But there is still High Resistance
A small load provides a path

for some of the electrons
Go Team!

More load is added
• Less resistance
• More electron flow

The resistance is lower
Lower resistance means more
electrons, or current flow.
Go Team!

Low or no resistance can be bad
• The lower the resistance,

– The higher the electron flow
• If the current flow is out of control,
– The circuit is overloaded

Overload
OVERLOAD
Go Team!

Resistance, Watts, and Amps
• Load resistance affects amps and watts

• The lower a load’s resistance,
• The higher it’s amps and watts

How Resistance affects Amps and Watts
(Note: approximate values in an alternating current 120v circuit)
OPEN
Infinite Resistance
No Watts ∞ Ohms No Amps

L1 (P)
(R)
(I) N
10 W 1500 Ohms .08 A
100 W 150 Ohms .8 A
1000 W 15 Ohms 8A
BOOM
High Watts & Circuit Breaker
High Amps 0 Ohms Trips

Atoms and Electrons Ohms Law Resistance

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E1 – Electrical Fundamentals

# 1 - Atoms and Electrons, Ohm’s Law,

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   2

• Atoms can combine to form molecules

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   3

• Balanced charge: electrons equal protons

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   5

10 Protons and 10 Electrons

10 Protons and 9 Electrons

10 Protons and 11 Electrons

• Free electrons easily leave their orbits

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   9

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   10

• Free electrons can be forced to move

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   11

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   12

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   13

Solve for R: Solve for ohms:

Solve for R: Solving for ohms:

• Using a “disc” is another way to solve the

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   21

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   22

• “Power is the rate at which work is done.”

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   25

Example 4: What is the power consumption of an

Power (watts) = Amps x Volts

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   26

Example 5: What is the current of an electric

Power (watts) = Amps x Volts

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   27

Example 6: What is the power of an

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   28

• All applications of Ohm’s Law formulas

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   29

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   31

• Resistance is the open space between the

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   32

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   33

• The load provides a path for electrons

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   34

A small load provides a path

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   35

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   36

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   37

• The lower the resistance,

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   38

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   39

• Load resistance affects amps and watts

© 2005 Refrigeration Training Services - E1#1 Atoms,Electron,Ohms Law,Resistance v1.1   40

No Watts ∞ Ohms No Amps

10 W 1500 Ohms .08 A

100 W 150 Ohms .8 A

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