Transfer Function Basics &

Transfer Function and Stability

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 Transfer Function
• Transfer Function is the ratio of Laplace transform of the
output to the Laplace transform of the input. Consider
all initial conditions to zero.
u(t) y(t)
Plant

If u(t )  U ( S ) and
y(t )  Y ( S )

• Where  is the Laplace operator.

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 Transfer Function
• The transfer function G(S) of the plant is given as

Y (S )
G( S ) 
U (S )

U(S) G(S) Y(S)

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 Why Laplace Transform?
• Using Laplace transform, we can convert many common
functions into algebraic function of complex variable s.
• For example


sin t  2 2
s 
 at 1
e 
sa
• Where s is a complex variable (complex frequency) and
is given as
s    j 4
 Laplace Transform of Derivatives
• Not only common function can be converted into
simple algebraic expressions but calculus operations
can also be converted into algebraic expressions.
• For example
dx(t )
  sX ( s )  x(0)
dt

2
d x(t ) 2 dx(0)
 2
 s X ( s )  s  x ( 0 ) 
dt dt
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 Laplace Transform of Derivatives
• In general

n
d x(t ) n
 n
 s X (s)   s x
n n  k ( k 1)
( 0)
dt k 1

• Where x(0) is the initial condition of the system.

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 Laplace Transform of Integrals

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 x(t )dt  X ( s )
s
• The time domain integral becomes division by
s in frequency domain.

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 Calculation of the Transfer Function
• Consider the following ODE where y(t) is input of the system
and x(t) is the output.
d 2 x(t ) dy(t ) dx(t )
A C B
• or dt 2 dt dt

Ax' ' (t )  Cy' (t )  Bx' (t )

• Taking the Laplace transform on either sides

A[ s 2 X ( s )  sx( 0 )  x' ( 0)]  C[ sY ( s )  y( 0 )]  B[ sX ( s )  x( 0)]

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 Calculation of the Transfer Function

A[ s 2 X ( s )  sx( 0)  x' ( 0)]  C[ sY ( s )  y( 0)]  B[ sX ( s )  x( 0)]

• Considering Initial conditions to zero in order to find the transfer

function of the system

As 2 X ( s )  CsY ( s )  BsX ( s )
• Rearranging the above equation

As 2 X ( s )  BsX ( s )  CsY ( s )
X ( s )[ As 2  Bs ]  CsY ( s )
X (s) Cs C
 2

Y ( s ) As  Bs As  B 9
 Transfer Function
• In general

• Where x is the input of the system and y is the output of

the system.

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 Transfer Function

• When order of the denominator polynomial is greater

than the numerator polynomial the transfer function is
said to be ‘proper’.

• Otherwise ‘improper’

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 Transfer Function
• Transfer function can be used to check

– The stability of the system

– Time domain and frequency domain characteristics of the

system

– Response of the system for any given input

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 Stability of Control System
• There are several meanings of stability, in general
there are two kinds of stability definitions in control
system study.

– Absolute Stability

– Relative Stability

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 Stability of Control System

• Roots of denominator polynomial of a transfer

function are called ‘poles’.

• The roots of numerator polynomials of a

transfer function are called ‘zeros’.

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 Stability of Control System

• Poles of the system are represented by ‘x’ and

zeros of the system are represented by ‘o’.
• System order is always equal to number of
poles of the transfer function.
• Following transfer function represents nth
order plant (i.e., any physical object).

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 Stability of Control System
• Poles is also defined as “it is the frequency at which
system becomes infinite”. Hence the name pole
where field is infinite.

• Zero is the frequency at which system becomes 0.

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 Stability of Control System
• Poles is also defined as “it is the frequency at which
system becomes infinite”.
• Like a magnetic pole or black hole.

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 Relation b/w poles and zeros and frequency
response of the system
• The relationship between poles and zeros and the frequency
response of a system comes alive with this 3D pole-zero plot.

Single pole system

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 Example
• Consider the Transfer function calculated in previous
slides.
X (s) C
G( s )  
Y ( s ) As  B

the denominato r polynomial is As  B  0

• The only pole of the system is

B
s
A

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 Examples
• Consider the following transfer functions.
– Determine
• Whether the transfer function is proper or improper
• Poles of the system
• zeros of the system
• Order of the system

s3 s
)i G( s )  )ii G( s ) 
s( s  2 ) ( s  1)( s  2 )( s  3)

( s  3) 2 s 2 ( s  1)
)iii G( s )  )iv G( s ) 
s( s 2  10) s( s  10)
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 Stability of Control Systems
• The poles and zeros of the system are plotted in s-plane
to check the stability of the system.
j

LHP RHP

Recall s    j


s-plane

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 Stability of Control Systems
• If all the poles of the system lie in left half plane the
system is said to be Stable.
• If any of the poles lie in right half plane the system is said
to be unstable.
• If pole(s) lie on imaginary axis the system is said to be
marginally stable. j

LHP RHP

s-plane
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 Stability of Control Systems
• For example
C
G( s )  , if A  1, B  3 and C  10
As  B
• Then the only pole of the system lie at

pole  3
j

LHP RHP

X 
-3

s-plane
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 Examples
• Consider the following transfer functions.
 Determine whether the transfer function is proper or improper
 Calculate the Poles and zeros of the system
 Determine the order of the system
 Draw the pole-zero map
 Determine the Stability of the system

s3 s
)i G( s )  )ii G( s ) 
s( s  2 ) ( s  1)( s  2 )( s  3)

( s  3) 2 s 2 ( s  1)
)iii G( s )  )iv G( s ) 
s( s 2  10) s( s  10)
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 The Other Definition of Stability
• The system is said to be stable if for any bounded
input the output of the system is also bounded
(BIBO).
• Thus for any bounded input the output either
remain constant or decrease with time.
u(t) overshoot
y(t)
1

Plant 1
t
t
Unit Step Input
Output
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 The Other Definition of Stability
• If for any bounded input the output is not
bounded the system is said to be unstable.

u(t)
y(t)
1
e at
Plant
t
t
Unit Step Input
Output

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 BIBO vs Transfer Function
• For example
Y ( s) 1 Y (s) 1
G1 ( s )   G2 ( s)  
U (s) s  3 U ( s) s  3
Pole-Zero Map Pole-Zero Map
4 4
unstable
3 stable 3

2 2

1 1
Imaginary Axis

Imaginary Axis
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3

-4 -4
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
Real Axis Real Axis
 BIBO vs Transfer Function
• For example
Y ( s) 1 Y (s) 1
G1 ( s )   G2 ( s)  
U (s) s  3 U ( s) s  3

1 Y ( s)
1 1 1 Y ( s) 1
 G1 ( s )    1
 G2 ( s )   1
1
U ( s) s3 U ( s) s 3
 y (t )  e 3t u (t )  y (t )  e 3t u (t )
 BIBO vs Transfer Function
• For example
3t
y (t )  e u (t ) y (t )  e3t u (t )
exp(-3t)*u(t) 12
x 10 exp(3t)*u(t)
1 12

10
0.8

8
0.6
6
0.4
4

0.2
2

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 2 4 6 8 10
 BIBO vs Transfer Function
• Whenever one or more than one poles are in
RHP the solution of dynamic equations
contains increasing exponential terms.

• That makes the response of the system

unbounded and hence the overall response of
the system is unstable.
 Summary
• Transfer Function
• The Order of Control Systems
• Poles, Zeros
• Stability
• BIBO

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