ULTRASONIC MOTORS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL&ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ANANTAPUR
(ANANTAPUR)

Presented by
G S NANDHINI(18001A0204)
ULTRASONIC MOTORS
CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Drawbacks of Electromagnetic motor
3. Piezoelectric effect
4. Principle of Operation
5. Construction
6. Working
7. Types
8. Characteristics of USM
9. Major Application
10. Merits and Demerits
11. Conclusion
12. Reference
INTRODUCTION

 It has been known for more than 30 years.

 The first ultrasonic motor was introduce by v.v lavrinko in
1965.
 Conversion of electric energy into motion by inverse
piezoelectric effect.
 These motors are characterized by high torque at low rotational
speed.
 To obtain the levels of torque speed characteristics of USM
using conventional motors we require to add a gear system
to reduce the speed.

 These characteristics of USM makes them attractive for

robotic applications where small motions are required.

 This motor achieves high speed and drive forces,while still

permitting the moving part to be positioned with high
accuracy.
DRAWBACKS OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC
MOTORS
 Noisy operation.
 Surge currents and spikes.
 Electromagnetic interference.
 Magnetic losses(Eddy currents & Hysteresis ).
 Low power factor.
 High power consumption.
 Comparatively lesser efficiency.
PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT

 Many polymers, ceramics and molecules are permanently polarized;

that is some parts of the molecules are positively charged, while other
parts are negatively charged.
 When an electric field is applied to these materials, these polarized
molecules will align themselves with the electric field, resulting in
induced dipoles within the molecular or crystal structure of the
material.
 Furthermore a permanently polarized material such as Quartz(SiO2) or
Barium Titanate(BaTiO3) will produce an electric field when the
material changes dimensions as a result of an imposed mechanical
force. These materials are piezoelectric and this phenomenon is known
as Piezoelectric effect.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

 Current ultrasonic motor design works from the principle of piezoelectric

effect, only in reverse called inverse piezoelectric effect.
 When a voltage having a resonance frequency of more than 20KHz is
applied to the piezoelectric element of an elastic body (a stator), the
piezoelectric element expands and contracts.
 Ultrasonic sound wave is generated by the contraction and expansion of
piezoelectric material.
 The wave drives the comb of the piezoelectric ring.
 When applied, the piezoelectric combs will expand or contract
corresponding to the traveling wave form and the rotor ring which is
pressed against these combs start rotating.
CONSTRUCTION

1. Ultrasonic motor construction tends to be

simpler than EM type motors.
2. Fewer assembly parts mean fewer moving
parts and consequently less wear.
3. The number of components required to
construct an USM is small thereby
minimizing the number of potential failure
points.
4. The Ultrasonic Motors constitutes mainly
four parts, 1. Actuator 2. Stator 3. Rotor 4.
Casing 
1.ACTUATOR - It is a driving unit of USM. It is made up of
piezoelectric material such as Quartz, Barium Titanate, Tourmaline,
Rochelle salt, etc.It is fixed on the stator using thin metal sheets and
bearings.It is directly connected to the supply mains.

2. STATOR -Stator is the stationary but vibrating part.It is constructed

using a malleable material, usually steel.It can be of ring, cylindrical or
rod shaped.

3. ROTOR -It is the rotating part, which acquires the energy conversion
and produces the desired torque on the shaft.It is made of the same
material as that of the stator and does have the same shape.

4. CASING - To provide protection against abrasive forces, external

interferences and extreme environmental conditions.They are made of
non- corrosive alloys or fiber.
WORKING

 A stator and rotor are coupled to form an ultrasonic motor.

  When the supply is switched ON, the actuator starts vibrating owing to
converse piezoelectric effect.
 The particles of the stator receive energy from the actuator and starts
vibrating in the plane.
 This results in the formation of a surface wave.
 The stator and rotor are placed so close to each other that their surfaces
almost grazes upon each other.
 The surface waves so produced have a frequency in the ultrasonic range
and are not visible by our bare eyes. These waves cause the stator to slide
against the rotor. 
  As the wave propagates, the rotor is pulled back in the opposite
direction of movement of the wave.
 The surface wave produced is propagating in the anti-clockwise
direction, whereby, the rotor is pulled to rotate in the clockwise
direction.
 The shaft, upon which the rotor is mounted, now rotates and the
output torque is thus obtained.
TYPES OF ULTRASONIC
MOTORS

Ultrasonic
motor

Standing wave Traveling wave

bidirectional unidirectional
STANDING WAVE USM
 STANDING WAVE USM
 Representation u( x, t) = A coskx coswt
 It is also referred as vibratory coupler type or wood pecker type.
STANDING WAVE USM

 Low cost
 one vibration source
 Unidirectional
 High efficiency
TRAVELLING WAVE USM

 Representation of travelling wave

U(x ,p)= A cos(k x) cos(wt) + A cos(k x - 90)cos(wt-90).
 Superposition of multiple standing wave create a traveling wave.
 Phase difference is 90 degree.
Travelling wave USM

 Requires two vibrating source.

 Low efficiency.
CHARACTERISTCS OF USM

 Low speed
 High torque
 Large Holding Torque
 Quick response
 Super responsibility and controllability
 Absence of magnetic action
 Noiseless
 Compact and lightweight
MAJOR APPLICATIONS

 Camera auto focus lenses.

 Robotics and Microbiotics.
 Watch movements.
 Optoelectronics area.
 In micro surgery and sensor scaning.
MERITS

 Low cost
 High efficiency
 No magnetic interference
 Ultra small size can be easily miniaturized
 High power/weight ratio
DEMERITS

 Use of high frequency power supply

 Less durability
 Drooping torque speed characteristic
CONCLUSION

 These motors are very advantageous.

 Electromagnetic interference is not there.
 It is in great demand in the area automation and
miniaturization.
 These motors are low cost
REFERENCE

 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.org
THANK YOU