Name : Abdul waleed Ahmad

Roll No: 2519

Subject: Power system Analysis
Semester: 6th
Department: Electrical
Topic

• Symmetrical Components
 Contents
1) Introduction

2) Balanced and un balanced system

3) Diagram

4) Components

5) Oscillograms and Phasors

6) Applications
 Introduction

• In simple terms, symmetrical component is a mathematical tool that simplifies

the analysis of power system during unbalanced system conditions. It does so
by decoupling the one 3-phase system into three 1-phase systems. It is easy
and less confusing to calculate currents in a 1-phase network than in a 3-
phase network.
• In 1918, Dr. C. L. Fortescue wrote a paper entitled “Method of
Symmetrical Coordinates Applied to the Solution of Polyphase
Networks.”
Balanced and UN-balanced System

Balanced System Un Balanced System

• 1.3 Phase Load 1.Loads are Un balanced

• 2.Phase Fault 2.Un Symmetrical Fault

Line to Ground Fault

Line to Line Fault

Line to Line To Ground Fault

 Balanced and UN-balanced System
Diagram :
• Consider the symmetrical system of phasors in . Being balanced, the
phasors have equal amplitudes and are displaced 120 degree relative
to each other. By the definition of symmetrical components, V b1
always lags V a1 by a fixed angle of 120 degree and always has the
same magnitude as V a1 . Similarly V c1 leads V a1 by 120 degree . It
follows then that

V a1 =V a1
V b1=(1<240 degree) V a1=a2 V a1
V c1=(1<120 degree)V a1=a Va1
 Components

1. Positive sequence component

2. Negative sequence component

3. Zero sequence component

  Positive Sequence:

• A balanced three-phase system with the same phase sequence as the

original sequence. To say Positive Sequence components which should

have three vectors of equal magnitude but displaced in phase from each

other by an angle of 120° and have the phase sequence same as the

original vectors. Phase sequence means the direction of rotation of vectors.

 Diagram:
 Negative sequence

• A balanced three-phase system with the opposite phase sequence

as the original sequence which means the set of the three phasors

are equal in magnitude, spaced 120° apart from each other and

having the phase sequence opposite to that of the original phasors.

 Diagram:
 Zero sequence

• Three phasors that are equal in magnitude and phase.

 Diagram:
 Oscillograms and Phasors

• Attached are four faults that were inputted into a relay and then captured using

the relay software.

• Three-phase fault. Compare to example (8.1)

Diagram:
 Applications

• Symmetrical components are most commonly used for analysis of three-

phase electrical power systems. The voltage or current of a three-phase
system at some point can be indicated by three phasors, called the three
components of the voltage or the current.
 References

• Circuits globe

• www.science direct.com

• Wagner, C. F. and Evans, R. D., Symmetrical Components

• Electrical circuits