Measures of

Central Tendency
Maricris P. Agawin, MAEd
 Recall:

1. Mean () – average

2. Median (Md) – middle value

3. Mode (Mo) – most frequent score the occur

 How to find the mean?

Formula: =
Where: - mean
f – frequency
x – class mark
N – total frequency
 Example
Given the grouped data below, find the mean:

c.i. f

118 – 126 4

127 – 135 6

136 – 144 4

145 – 153 2

154 – 162 1

N=17
STEP 1. Add the class mark (x) column. Formula: (LL+UL)/2
Ex. (118+126)/2 = 122. Then for shortcut, just add the
interval (9) from top to bottom.
c.i. f x

118 – 126 4 122

127 – 135 6 131

136 – 144 4 140

145 – 153 2 149

154 – 162 1 158

N=17
STEP 2. Add the fx column. This means that you are going to
multiply every frequency to its class mark. Ex. 4 x 122 = 488
c.i. f x fx

118 – 126 4 122 488

127 – 135 6 131 786

136 – 144 4 140 560

145 – 153 2 149 298

154 – 162 1 158 158

N=17 =2290 Substitute this

to the formula
STEP 3. Substitute the values to the formula and calculate
the mean.
=
=
= 134.71
Round off your answer
into 2 decimal places
 How to find the median?
Formula: Md =

Where: Md – median
Lcb – lower class boundary of the median class
<cf - <cf above the median class
f – frequency of the median class
i – interval
N – total frequency
 Example
Let us continue with the given example in mean:
c.i. f

118 – 126 4

127 – 135 6

136 – 144 4

145 – 153 2

154 – 162 1

N=17
STEP 1. Add the cumulative frequency column.

c.i. f <cf

118 – 126 4 4

127 – 135 6 10

136 – 144 4 14

145 – 153 2 16

154 – 162 1 17

N=17
STEP 2. Determine the median class. Compute for N/2.

Md = = = 8.5 Locate 8.5 in

the <cf column

If there is no 8.5,
c.i. f <cf choose the number
greater than 8.5
118 – 126 4 4

This row becomes 127 – 135 6 10

the median class
136 – 144 4 14
Before we solve for median, recall this:

Where: Md – median
Lcb – lower class boundary of the median class
<cf - <cf above the median class
f – frequency of the median class
i – interval
N – total frequency
STEP 3. Once you determined the median class, you can now
solve for the value of median.
Md =
c.i. f <cf
= 126.5
118 – 126 4 4
Md = 133.25
127 – 135 6 10

LL-.5 136 – 144 4 14

145 – 153 2 16

154 – 162 1 17
Round off your answer
N=17 into 2 decimal places
 How to find the mode?

Formula: Mo = 3(Md) – 2()

Where: Mo = mode
Md = median
= mean
Simply substitute the value of mean and median to the
formula.

Mo = 3(Md) – 2()
= 3(133.25) – 2(134.71)
= 399.75 – 269.42
Mo = 130.33
Measures of
Variability
(Grouped Data)

by: Maricris P. Agawin, MAEd

 What is variability?

Variability refers to how “spread out” a group of scores is.

The term variability, spread and dispersion are synonyms.

There are some frequently used measures such as range,

variance and standard deviation.
 Variance

The variance is defined as the average squared difference

of the scores from the mean.

Formula:
v= -
 Range
The range is the simplest measure of variability to
calculate, and you have encountered this in FDT.

To compute for the range, you simply subtract the highest

value minus the lowest value.

Formula:
R = HV - LV
 Standard Deviation
The standard deviation is simply the square root of the
variance. This is especially useful when the distribution is
normal or approximately normal.

Formula:
SD =
 Example
Given the grouped data below, find the variance and
standard deviation:
c.i. f

118 – 126 4

127 – 135 6

136 – 144 4

145 – 153 2

154 – 162 1

N=17
STEP 1. Find the mean.

c.i. f x fx
=
118 – 126 4 122 488

127 – 135 6 131 786

=
136 – 144 4 140 560

145 – 153 2 149 298 = 134.71

154 – 162 1 158 158

N=17 =2290
STEP 2. Add the column fx2 to table.
Ex. 4 x 122 = 488 x 122 = 59,536
c.i. f x fx fx2

118 – 126 4 122 488 59,536

127 – 135 6 131 786 102,966

136 – 144 4 140 560 78,400

145 – 153 2 149 298 44,402

154 – 162 1 158 158 24,964

N=17 =2,290 =310,268

2
STEP 3. Solve for variance of the distribution using the
formula.
v= -

v = 1 244.97
STEP 4. Solve for the standard deviation of the
distribution using the formula.
SD =
=
SD = 35.28
Thank You!