Water Quality Standards

Water Treatment
AAU.FT.CED
Water Quality Standards
limits on the amount of impurities in water for the
intended use
legally enforced
include rules and regulations for sampling, testing
and reporting procedures.

Criteria: The scientific Standards: A plan

data evaluated to derive that is established
recommendations for by a government
characteristics of water
for specific uses. It
agency as a program
represents the first step for water pollution
in ultimate development abatement and
of standards. prevention.
Water Quality Standards
three types of standards : stream standards, effluent
standards, and drinking water standards.
Water Quality Standards
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) establishes
minimum drinking water standards in different
countries.
Drinking water - human/ livestock
Fish and Wildlife
Crop production : irrigation
Industrial processing
Recreational use/swimming/ boating
Drinking water standards
Primary
protect public health-maximum permissible levels
enforced
Secondary
esthetic qualities—color, odor, taste
 recommended but not enforced
Primary MCLs
Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
Safe levels —no health effect
treatment technique requirements
 for contaminants difficult or costly to measure
maximum contaminant level goals (MCLGs)
Level at which there are no known or anticipated
adverse health effects.
it is a goal, not an enforceable
set at 0 for known carcinogens—safe level not known
Primary MCLs: inorganic chemicals
MCL
Contaminants Health effects (mg/L)
Arsenic Nervous system effects 0.05
Asbestos Possible cancer 7 MFL
Cyanide Nervous system effects 0.2
Lead Nervous system and kidney TT
effects, toxic to infants
Mercury Kidney, nervous system 0.002
effects
 Primary MCLs: organic chemicals
MCL
Contaminants Health effects (mg/L)
Benzene Possible cancer 0.005
Total trihalomethanes
Possible cancer risk 0.1
(TTHM)
Carbon tetrachloride Possible cancer 0.005
Nervous system, liver,
Endrin 0.002
kidney effects
Vinyl chloride Possible cancer 0.002
Secondary MCLs
MCL
Contaminant (mg/L) Health effects
Aluminum 0.05-0.2 Discoloration of water
Dental fluorosis (a brownish
Fluoride 2.0
discoloration of the teeth)
Bitter metallic taste; staining of
Iron 0.3
laundry, rusty color, sediment
Taste; staining of laundry, black to
Manganese 0.05
brown color, black staining
Odor 3 TO Rotten egg, musty, or chemical smell
Color 15 CU Visible tint
Water quality Monitoring and
Surveillance
Quality of water –the microbiological quality is given
highest priority
Quantity of water – per capita per day
Continuity (or reliability) of the supply – how much of
the time the water is available
Cost of water – how much people pay
Coverage of the population – % of the population that
has access to a recognisable water supply
 Chapter 3
Introduction to treatment
processes
Methods of treatment
Objectives of Treatment
Removal of, dissolved mineral matters, settleable
suspended matter and non-settleable colloidal
impurities
To improve the aesthetic quality -- taste and odor
To kill the troublesome bacteria.
Making the water non-corrosive, suitable for
industrial processing, and recreational uses.
Softening of water for use in domestic washing
laundries and boilers
Water Classification by Source
Ground Surface
Constant composition Varying composition
High mineralization Low mineralization
Little turbidity High turbidity
Low or no color Color
Bacteriologically safe Microorganisms present
No dissolved oxygen Dissolved oxygen
High hardness Low hardness
H2S, Fe, Mn Tastes and odors
Possible chemical toxicity
Treatment Systems
Unit process :an engineered system that employs
particular kinds of influences or actions to effect
certain intended state changes for the water.
Unit treatment Function (removal)
Aeration, chemicals Color, odor, taste
use
Screening Floating matter
Chemical methods Iron, Manganese etc
Softening Hardness
Sedimentation Suspended matter
Coagulation Suspended matter, a part of colloidal matter and bacteria
Filtration Remaining colloidal dissolved matter, bacteria
disinfection Pathogenic bacteria, organic matter and reducing
substances
Treatment Systems
Conventional

Direct and In-line filtration

Water treatment process selection
Contaminant removal
Source water quality
Reliability
Existing conditions
Process flexibility
Utility capabilities
Costs
Environmental compatibility
Distribution system water quality
Issues of process scale
Water treatment process selection
Source Treatment required
1. Ground water and spring fairly No treatment or chlorination
free from contamination
2. Ground water with chemicals, Aeration, coagulation (if
minerals and gases necessary) filtration, and
3. Lakes, surface water reservoirs disinfection
with less amount of pollution Disinfection
4. Other surface waters, such as
rivers, canals and impounded Complete treatment
reservoirs with a considerable
amount of pollution
 Preliminary treatment processes
Pumping and containment - appropriate materials
and constructed to avoid accidental contamination.
Screening - remove large debris such as sticks, leaves,
trash and other large particles.
Storage - natural biological purification and
equalization
Pre-conditioning – remove hardness
Pre-chlorination - minimize growth of fouling
organisms on the pipe-work and tanks
pH adjustment