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Energy
Resources
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Formation of Fossil Fuel
Coal, oil and natural gas are fossil
fuels formed during the Carboniferous
Period (which occurred from about 360 to
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286 million years ago). The name
Carboniferous came from the word carbon
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which is the basic element in fossil

fuels, Fossil fuels are usually found in
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one location as their formation is from a

similar process.
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 4 The Carboniferous Period is part of the Paleozoic
Era. At the time, the land was covered with swamps,
huge trees, ferns and other large leafy plants while
water is filled with algae. Dead trees, plants and
animals sank to the bottom c of the swamps. As these
plants decompose, they form layers of a spongy
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material called peat. After hundreds of years, the

peat was covered with sand, clay and other minerals
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which turned into sedimentary rocks

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The stored energy from dead organisms was
trapped in porous rocks. As more rocks piled on
top of more rocks, pressure built up and caused
compaction. Physical andc chemical changes
occurred in the peat due to bacterial decay, heat,
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and pressure. The type of fossil fuel formed

depends on the decomposed organism and time
they were buried.
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Geothermal
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Energy
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Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is thermal or heat energy
produced and stored in the Earth. It contains more
energy than oil and natural c
gas. Thermal energy is
continually generated in the layer of hot and molten
rock called magma. Within the Earth mantle are the
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hot spots where rocks melt to generate magma. ‘The

Ring of Fire in the Pacific Rim has any hot spots due
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to the many volcanoes in the area.

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Unlike fossil fuel, geothermal energy does not cause ~
pollution. However, geothermal sites may contain some
poisonous gases which can escape from deep within the
Earth when holes are drilled. These toxic gases must be
contained. Geothermal energy is one of the most widely used
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renewable energy. It is also sustainable because it is a
relatively constant source of energy. Energy is not created
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but rather moved from inside the Earth to a location such as

building where it can provide heating. Ground-source heat
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pump is the conventional way use geothermal heat pumps to

provide heat to buildings.
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 Geothermal Power Plant
The extreme heat inside the Earth can cause
rocks to | crack and release energy in the form of
heat or water to the Earth’s
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captured to drive a turbine on an Electric power
generator. This involves conversion of geothermal
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energy to electric energy.

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● Geothermal power plant has the same
components with the traditional power plant such
as turbines, generators, and transformers. Wells
are drilled into a known geothermal reservoir to
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capture the steam. Hot, pressurized geothermal
fluid rotates the turbines. This drives the
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generator to create electric current which is sent

to the transformers.
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Three types of geothermal power
plants
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2. Flash steam
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3. Binary cycle
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 Dry steam power plants

In Dry steam power plants steam is piped

directly from underground wells to the power
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plant, where it is directed into a turbine.
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 Flash steam power plant
● Flash steam power plant is the most common
which allows very hot water from underground
reservoir to flow upwardc through its own
pressure. The steam is then separated from the
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water and used to rotate the turbine. Leftover

water is then returned back into the reservoir.
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This makes geothermal energy a sustainable

resource
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 Binary cycle power plant
Binary cycle power plant use geothermal heat to
boil a working fluid (organic compound with Low
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boiling point). The working fluid is vaporized in a
heat exchanger and used to Rotate the turbine.
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 Environmental Concerns Related to the
use if Fossil Fuels
● Burning fossil fuel such as coal, oil, and gas can lead to serious
environmental issues. Coal, oil, and gas consist largely of carbon
and hydrogen which can react with c oxygen in the air forming carbon
dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H 2O). Carbon dioxide can absorb
some of the infrared radiation, hold it in the atmosphere, and delay
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its passage back out of the atmosphere. Burning fossil fuel increases
the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which causes
stronger greenhouse effect which eventually leads to warmer global
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temperatures (global warming).

 Solar radiation (which includes ultraviolet or UV and
infrared or IR) strikes the Earth’s atmosphere. Some of the
radiation reflected back out to space while majority are
absorbed by the oceans, the land and the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases act like a blanket
absorbing IR radiation and preventing it from escaping into
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outer space (greenhouse effect). This causes gradual heating
of Earth’s atmosphere and surface which is known as global
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warming. If global warming continues it will cause significant

climate change which includes rise in sea levels, increasing
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ocean acidification, and extreme weather condition.

 Coal and oil also contain small amounts of sulfur which
can combine with oxygen in the air to produce sulfur
dioxide. ‘The water droplets in the atmosphere can dissolve
sulfur dioxide which leads to the formation of acid rain.
Some species in the water are sensitive to acidic water.
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Most fish eggs are not hatched in acidic environment.
Species in the land are also affected because acid rain
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removes (leach) minerals and nutrients from the soil. Dead

or dying trees are a common sight in areas affected by acid
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rain.
 The most common effect of burning fossil fuel is air
pollution. During combustion, some of the carbon remains
unburned which come off as very small solid particles
known as particulates. This can be seen in the form of
smoke which can cause air pollution.
c People develop
respiratory diseases because of air pollution. Symptoms of
this disease include coughs and colds, asthma, bronchitis,
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Emphysema, bronchitis and pneumonia.

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Blast From the past
In 1911, the world’s first commercial geothermal power
station was built in Italy. The first geothermal plant in
USA started in 1922. In 1946, c the first ground-source
geothermal heat pump installed Oregon. The first
geothermal Power plant in the Philippines started
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operations in July 1977. It is located in Leyte Island.

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 Great Scientist
Prince Piero Ginori Conti invented the first geothermal
power plant. He tested the first geothermal power
generator on July 4, 1904 in cLarderello, in the province of
Pisa. He was born in Florence on June 3, 1865. Conti Is a
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graduate of social sciences in Florence but he was

awarded honorary degrees in chemistry by the University
of Pisa and the University of Pennsylvania.
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