PURPOSIVE

COMMUNICATION:
COMMUNICATION MODELS

PREPARED BY: J.D. GARCIA

• OBJECTIVES:
• 1.TO UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF
COMMUNICATION IN SOCIETY
• 2.TO KNOW THE PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF
COMMUNICATION AS EMBODIED IN THE
COMMUNICATION MODELS
• 3.TO RELATE THE COMMUNICATION MODELS TO
THEIR EXPERIENCES AND APPLY THEM TO THEIR
OWN COMMUNICATION PROCESSES.
 RECITATION:
IS COMMUNICATION IMPORTANT TO YOU?
WHY?
• IS COMMUNICATION IMPORTANT TO SOCIETY?
WHY?
HUMAN ENCOUNTER
ANCIENT INDIAN CIVILIZATION
TRANSMITTING KNOWLEDGE
GROUP AT WORK
• WHY DO YOU THINK COMMUNICATION SKILLS
ARE CONSIDERED TO BE ESSENTIAL IN BEING
GOOD CITIZENS?
 MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

• 1.ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

• (before 300 BC)
• Importance of audience role in communication
chain
• Focused on public speaking than interpersonal
communication
• 5 basic elements:
• (i) Speaker (ii) Speech iii) Occasion
• (iv) Audience (v) Effect
• Speech for different audience, on different time
(occasion) and for different effects
• Speaker focuses on Public speaking.
• Prepares a good speech
• Analyzes audience’s needs before speaker enters
the stage
• Words should influence audience’s mind
• Persuades audience’s thoughts towards speaker
• Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and
speech.
• Divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker, Speech,
Occasion, Audience and Effect.
• Aristotle's communication model is a speaker
centered model as the speaker has the most
important role in it and is the only one active.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
• Example:
• Alexander gave brave speech to his soldiers in the
war field to defeat Persian Empire. (Was
motivating the soldiers to be brave)
• Speaker – Alexander
• Speech – About his invasion
• Occasion – War field
• Audience – Soldiers
• Effect – Fought to defeat Persia
 Shannon and Weaver Model Of Communication

• 1948- American Claude Elwood Shannon wrote “A

Mathematical Theory of Communication” with
scientist Warren Weaver.
• The Mathematical theory known as Shannon
Weaver model of communication or “mother of all
models.”
 Concepts in Shannon Weaver Model
• Sender (Information source) – person who makes
the message, chooses the channel and sends the
message.
• Encoder (Transmitter) – The sender who uses
machine, which converts message into signals or
binary data.
• Channel – medium used to send message.
• Decoder (Receiver) - machine used to convert signals
or binary data into message or the receiver who
translates the message from signals.
• Receiver (Destination) – Person who gets the message
or the place where the message must reach. The
receiver provides feedback according to the message.
• Noise – physical disturbances like environment,
people, etc. which do not let the message get to the
receiver as what is sent.
 Explanation of Shannon Weaver Model
• The sender encodes the message and sends it to
the receiver through a technological channel like a
telephone.
• The sender converts the message into codes
understandable to the machine.
• The message is sent in codes through a medium.
• Receiver decodes the message before
understanding it and interpreting it.
• The receptor machine can also act as a decoder in
some cases.
• The channel can have noise and the receiver
might not have the capacity to decode which
might cause problems in communication process.
• Another person’s ear might be the receptor
• His brain might be the decoder and receiver.
• Example if no machine involved:
• Brain might be the sender
• Mouth might be the encoder which encodes to a
particular language
• Air might be the channel
• Noise present in his environment that disturbs
them, is the noise
• Whereas his response is the feedback.
• Model made to improve technical communication,
for telephonic communication; to maximize
telephone capacity with minimum noise.
• Later, applied for all kinds of communication to
develop effective communication.
• In engineering, Shannon’s model is called
information theory and used academically to
calculate transmission through machines.
 Example of Shannon Weaver Model
• A businessman sends message via phone to
worker about a meeting for brand promotion.
Worker does not receive full message because of
noise. It goes like this:
• Businessman: We have a meeting at the office…
(“at 8 am” goes missing due to phone network
disruption or noise)
• Worker (feedback) : At what time?
• Sender: Businessman
• Encoder: Mobile phone/Telephone
• Channel: Mobile network
• Noise: Static noise which resulted to Missing
message due to disruption
• Decoder: Telephone/Mobile phone
• Receiver: Worker
• Feedback : Response of Receiver
• Transmission error is the noise in this case.
• Feedback lets businessman know that message is
incomplete.
• Receiver gets full message only after his feedback.
• EXTERNAL NOISE EXAMPLES:
• STATICS = TELEPHONE WIRES
• PEOPLE LOUDLY SPEAKING WHILE YOU ARE
ON THE PHONE
• LOUD MOTOR ENGINES = TRUCK, TRICYCLES,
BIG MOTOR BIKES
 3 Levels of Communication Problems
• Technical problem –How a channel causes a
problem
• Semantic problem –Is the meaning of message
sent and received very different
• Effectiveness problem –How effectively does the
message cause reaction
• Semantics is the study of meaning in language.
• Example: “Destination" and “Last Stop" technically
mean the same thing, but have shades of meaning.
 • WHICH IS THE DICTIONARY MEANING?
• WHICH IS THE MEANING ASSOCIATED WITH THE
WORD?
• DESTINATION- a place that people will make a
special trip to visit.
• Example = “a destination resort”
• LAST STOP- journey’s end; resting place
ASTORIA CURRENT BORACAY
HEROES’ RESTING PLACE
 Advantages of Shannon Weaver Model
• Concept of noise helps communication effective by
removing noise or problem causing noise.
• Model takes communication as 2-way process;
applicable in general communication.
• Communication is taken as quantifiable in
Shannon-Weaver model.
 Criticisms of Shannon Weaver Model
• Applied more for interpersonal than group and
mass communication.
• Receiver plays passive part in communication
process as sender plays primary role that sends
messages.
• Feedback is less important in comparison to
messages sent by sender.
• Model- “misleading misrepresentation of the
nature of human communication” as human
communication is not mathematical in nature.
• TELEPHONE CONVERSATION
• POLITE Dialogues between a hotel receptionist at
The Kahuna Beach Resort and a guest.
• Receptionist: Good morning. Welcome to The Kahuna Beach Resort.
• Client: Good morning. I'd like to make a reservation for August 20. Do
you have any vacancies?
• R: Yes Sir, we have rooms available for August 20. How long will you be
staying?
• C: I'll be staying for two nights, August 20 and 21, check out August 22.
• R: How many people is the reservation for?
• C: There will be two of us. We like a room with two separate beds and
with a view of the beach. What's the rate for the room?
• R: Your room is P20,000 per night. Now what name will the reservation
be listed under?
• C: Charles Homer
• --- STATIC NOISE: NOISE FROM AN AIRPLANE ---
•--- STATIC NOISE -----
•R: Could you spell your last name for me, please?
•C: Sure. H-O-M-E-R
•R: And is there a phone number where you can be contacted?
•C: Yes, my mobile phone number is 0917-3456789
•R: Alright, Mr. Homer, your reservation has been made for
August 20 for a room with two separate beds and view of the
beach. Check-in is at 2 o'clock on August 20. Check out is
August 22, 12:00 noon. If you have any questions, please do
not hesitate to call us.
•C: Great, thank you so much.
•R: My pleasure. We'll see you in August, Mr. Homer. Have a
nice day.
• Telephone Dialogue: Ordering Food from a
Restaurant Menu
• RW – Restaurant Worker
• C - Caller
• R: Grandmother’s Kitchen, how can I help you?
• C: Hello. I’d like to make an order.
• R: Okay. For pick-up or delivery?
• C: Delivery please.
• R: Can I have your address please?
• C: Room 300 Amaia Steps
• R: And your phone number?
• C: 0915-1234567
• R: Great. What would you like?
• C: I’ll order the Lasagna Dinner.
• R: Okay. Would you like a half tray or whole tray?
• C: Hmm. Is a half tray enough for one person?
• R: Half tray is good for 2-3 persons.
• --- STATIC NOISE: PASSING FIRE TRUCK ---
• --- STATIC NOISE ---
• C: I’m sorry. Could you repeat that?
• R: Half tray is good for 2-3 persons.
• C: Okay. I’ll order a half tray.
• R: Okay. Would you like anything to drink?
• C: No, thanks. That’s everything.
• R: Okay. That will be Php 550.
• C: Really? Why is it so much?
• R: There is a small Php50 delivery fee.
• C: I see. Okay. How long will it take to deliver?
• R: Around 30 minutes.
• C: Okay. Thanks.
• R: Thank you for calling Grandmother’s Kitchen. Have a
great evening.
• PAIR SHARE. FIND A PARTNER.
• ACT OUT A SKIT.
• PRETEND TO USE TELEPHONES.
• PRETEND THAT NOISE OR HINDRANCE OR
DISTURBANCE AFFECTS COMMUNICATION.
• SHOW HOW TO OVERCOME DISTURBANCE.
• 2-3 MINUTES
 OSGOOD- SCHRAMM CIRCULAR MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
• Osgood-Schramm model- communication is two-
way, with a sender and a receiver.
• Communication is circular rather than linear, it
requires two participants taking turns sending and
receiving a message.
Circular Model - Communication is circular
in nature
• Encoder – Who encodes or Sends message
(message originates)
• Decoder – Who receives message
• Interpreter – Person trying to understand (analyze)
or interpret
• Note: From start to end, interpretation goes on.
• Happens within one’s self or two people
• Each person acts as both sender and receiver and
hence use interpretation.
• Simultaneously take place e.g. encoding,
interpreting and decoding.
• Semantic noise occurs when sender and receiver
apply different meaning to same message.
• Words and phrases for e.g. Technical Language
• So certain words and phrases cause to deviate
from actual meaning communication.
• Note: When semantic noise takes place decoding
and interpretation becomes difficult and people
get deviated from the actual message.
 Advantage of Osgood- Schramm Model of
Communication
• Dynamic model- Shows how a situation can
change
• Shows why redundancy is an essential part
• No separate sender and receiver, sender and
receiver is the same person
• Assume communication to be circular in nature
• Feedback – central feature.
 Disadvantage of Osgood- Schramm Model
• Model does not talk about semantic noise
• Assume the moment of encoding and decoding-
one can do it simultaneously
• Model known as "The Process and Effects of
Communication“
• Concept of Field of Experience
• Re-emphasizing source, message and destination
• Importance of encoding and decoding process and
role of field experience.
• Field of experience, or commonality, to the mix.
Field of experience incorporates what is mutually
understood between the sender and receiver.
 EXAMPLE:
• Talking on the Phone
• You haven't talked to your best friend in a while so
you decide to call him on your drive home from
work. You take turns updating each other on your
weekend, what you have planned for the summer,
and how members of your respective families are
doing. When you hang up, you promise to chat
again soon.
• PAIR SHARE; CHOOSE YOUR PARTNER; ACT OUT A
SKIT.
• ESTABLISH FIELD OF EXPERIENCE- SOMETHING IN
COMMON
• SHOW SIMULTANEOUS ENCODE, INTERPRET,
DECODE.
• 2-3 MINUTES OF ROLE PLAY
EUGENE WHITE’S STAGES OF COMMUNICATION
• 1.THINKING- I AM HUNGRY (CHICKEN, PIE,
FRUIT, DRINK)
• 2.SYMBOLIZING- RUBS STOMACH
• 3.EXPRESSING- SAYS TO SOMEONE-I AM
HUNGRY. DO YOU WANT TO EAT?
• 4.TRANSMITTING- INVITE SENT TO FRIEND
• 5.RECEIVING- FRIEND HEARS THE INVITE
• 6.DECODING- FRIEND THINKS ABOUT INVITE
AND NODS.
• 7.FEEDBACKING- WELL, SURE!
• 8.MONITORING- BOTH GO OUT TO EAT.
• PAIR SHARE; CHOOSE YOUR PARTNER; ACT OUT A
SKIT.
• THINK OF SOMETHING YOU WANT TO DO.
• INVITE A FRIEND TO DO IT WITH YOU.
• 2-3 MINUTES PRESENTATION
•DUE NEXT MEETING
•ORIGINAL SPEECH- USING
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL- TALK ABOUT
A PERSONAL EXPERIENCE THAT CAN
INSPIRE THE AUDIENCE.
•SUBMIT A COPY OF THE SPEECH.
•2-3 MINUTES
•INSPIRATIONAL SPEECH
•3 PARAGRAPHS, 5 SENTENCES PER
PARAGRAPH
•SPEAKER- BE READY TO ANSWER
QUESTIONS FROM AN ASSIGNED CRITIC.
•ASSIGNED CRITIC- BE READY WITH 2
QUESTIONS TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE
PROFESSOR.
•EXAMPLE 1: PURPOSE-TO INSPIRE AUDIENCE TO
HAVE A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
•A.MOTIVATE TO EAT ORGANIC/HEALTHY FOOD –
DEFINE, HEALTH BENEFITS, EMPHASIZE EASY TO
FOLLOW
•B.MOTIVATE TO DO DAILY EXERCISE, HIGHLIGHT
BENEFITS
•C.INSPIRE TO MAINTAIN A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE –
NARRATE PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
•EXAMPLE 2: INSPIRE COUPLE TO KEEP THE
MARRIAGE- SPEECH AGAINST LEGAL SEPARATION
•A.DEFINE
•B.DISCUSS PROCEDURE
•C.MENTION ADVANTAGES
•D.EMPHASIZE DISADVANTAGES- ADVERSE EFFECTS
ON FAMILY, CHILDREN, SOCIETY
•E.MOTIVATE COUPLE TO VALUE THE IMPORTANCE OF
MARRIAGE AND COMPANIONSHIP – NARRATE
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
• NEXT MEETING:
• 1.INDIVIDUAL RECITATION #2 –
SPEECH THAT INSPIRES THE
AUDIENCE
• 2.SPEECH COPY WILL BE COLLECTED
AS ASSIGNMENT #3