Op-amp

By: Mohit Goel

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
 Operational Amplifier

 An “Operational amplifier” is a direct coupled high-gain amplifier usually

consisting of one or more differential amplifiers and usually followed by a
level translator and output stage.

 The operational amplifier is a versatile device that can be used to amplify dc

as well as ac input signals and was originally designed for computing such
mathematical functions as addition, subtraction, multiplication and
integration.

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
OP-amp is called operational amplifier as….
A. It can perform mathematical operation.
B. It can perform mechanical operation.
C. It can perform computer programming.
D. All of above

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)

 The output stage is of Op-AMP is generally a
a) Differential Amplifier
b) Push pull complementary amplifier
c) Emitter Follower Ckt.
d) None of the above

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)

Which type of coupling is used in input stage
and intermediate stage of an op-amp?
a) R-C coupling
b) Direct coupling
c) Transformer coupling
d) None of these

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
 Pin4 & Pin7 (Power Supply): Pin7 is the positive voltage supply
terminal and Pin4 is the negative voltage supply terminal. The 741
IC draws in power for its operation from these pins. The voltage
between these two pins can be anywhere between 5V and 18V.

 Pin6 (Output): This is the output pin of IC 741. The voltage at this

pin depends on the signals at the input pins and the feedback
mechanism used. If the output is said to be high, it means that
voltage at the output is equal to positive supply voltage. Similarly, if
the output is said to be low, it means that voltage at the output is
equal to negative supply voltage.

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)

 Pin2 & Pin3 (Input): These are input pins for the IC. Pin2 is the
inverting input and Pin3 is the non-inverting input. If the voltage at Pin2
is greater than the voltage at Pin3, i.e., the voltage at inverting input is
higher, the output signal stays low. Similarly, if the voltage at Pin3 is
greater than the voltage at Pin2, i.e., the voltage at non-inverting input
is high, the output goes high.

 Pin1 & Pin5  (Offset Null): Because of high gain provided by 741 Op-
Amp, even slight differences in voltages at the inverting and non-
inverting inputs, caused due to irregularities in manufacturing process
or external disturbances, can influence the output. To nullify this effect,
an offset voltage can be applied at pin1 and pin5, and is usually done
using a potentiometer.

 Pin8 (N/C): This pin is not connected to any circuit inside 741 IC. It’s
just a dummy lead used to fill the void space in standard 8 pin
packages. By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
Characteristic Graph of Practical Op-amp

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)

Which pin of IC 741 work as output pin
A. 2
B. 3
C. 6
D. 7

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)

 Find the input voltage of an ideal op-amp. It’s one of
the inputs and output voltages are 2v and 12v. (Gain=3)
a) 8v
b) 4v
c) -4v
d) -2v

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)

 Characteristics and performance parameters of Op-
amp

• Input offset Voltage

• Input offset current

• Input bias current

• Differential input resistance

• Input capacitance

• Open loop voltage gain

• CMRR

• Output voltage swing

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
 Characteristics and performance parameters of Op-amp

• Output resistance

• Offset adjustment range

• Input Voltage range

• Power supply rejection ratio

• Power consumption

• Slew rate

• Gain – Bandwidth product

• Equivalent input noise voltage and current

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)

 Characteristics and performance parameters of Op-amp

• Average temperature coefficient of offset parameters

• Output offset voltage

• Supply current

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)

 1. Input Offset Voltage

The differential voltage that must be applied between the two

input terminals of an op-amp, to make the output voltage zero.

It is denoted as Vios

For op-amp 741C the input offset voltage is 6mV

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
What is the output waveform of the circuit?

a. sine wave
b. square wave
c. sawtooth wave
d. triangle wave

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)

 2. Input offset current

The algebraic difference between the currents flowing into the

two input terminals of the op-amp

It is denoted as Iios = | Ib1 – Ib2|

For op-amp 741C the input offset current is 200nA

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)

 3. Input bias current

The average value of the two currents flowing into

the op-amp input terminals

It is expressed mathematically as

I b1  I b 2
2

For 741C the maximum value of Ib is 500nA

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)

A. 35nA
B. 5nA
C. 0
D. None of above

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)

A. 36nA
B. 4nA
C. 20nA
D. 18nA

By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)

 4. Differential Input Resistance

It is the equivalent resistance measured at either the inverting or

non-inverting input terminal with the other input terminal
grounded

It is denoted as Ri

For 741C it is of the order of 2MΩ

 5. Input capacitance

It is the equivalent capacitance measured at either the inverting

or non- inverting input terminal with the other input terminal
grounded.

It is denoted as Ci

For 741C it is of the 1-4 pF

 6. Open loop Voltage gain

It is the ratio of output voltage to the differential input voltage,

when op-amp is in open loop configuration, without any

feedback. It is also called as large signal voltage gain

It is denoted as AOL AOL=Vo / Vd

For 741C it is typically 200,000

 7. CMRR

It is the ratio of differential voltage gain Ad to common

mode voltage gain Ac

CMRR = Ad / Ac

Ad is open loop voltage gain AOL and Ac = VOC / Vc

For op-amp 741C CMRR is 90 dB

The common-mode rejection ratio, or CMRR, is one of the most
important specifications in an op-amp offering. Why?

CMRR is important because it is a measure of the rejection of the

common mode signal, the signal that is the same on both the positive
and negative input which eventually determines the op-amp’s ability
to minimize the noise in audio, video and communication designs

Noise is the main source of common mode input signal.

A. 1
B. 0.1
C. 10
D. None of above
A. 4 dB
B. 80 dB
C. 40 dB
D. 104 dB
 8. Output Voltage swing

The op-amp output voltage gets saturated at +Vcc and –

VEE and it cannot produce output voltage more than +Vcc

and –VEE. Practically voltages +Vsat and –Vsat are slightly

less than +Vcc and –VEE .

For op-amp 741C the saturation voltages are + 13V for supply voltages + 15V
 9. Output Resistance

It is the equivalent resistance measured between the output

terminal of the op-amp and ground

It is denoted as Ro

For op-amp 741 it is 75Ω

 10. Offset voltage adjustment range

The range for which input offset voltage can be adjusted using
the potentiometer so as to reduce output to zero

For op-amp 741C it is + 15mV

 11. Input Voltage range

It is the range of common mode voltages which can be applied

for which op-amp functions properly and given offset
specifications apply for the op-amp

For + 15V supply voltages, the input voltage range is + 13V

 12. Power supply rejection ratio

PSRR is defined as the ratio of the change in input offset voltage

due to the change in supply voltage producing it, keeping the
other power supply voltage constant. It is also called as power
supply sensitivity (PSV)

PSRR= (Δvios / ΔVcc)|constant VEE PSRR= (Δvios / ΔVEE)|constant Vcc

The typical value of PSRR for op-amp 741C is 30µV/V

• The power supply rejection ratio, or PSRR, has been steadily becoming more important

due to the rising demand for power efficiency in electronic designs large and small. It’s

a measure of how much disturbance signals have been injected at the input levels,

which, in turn, can impact the regulated output. And it shows how well an op-amp

carries out the power delivery while rejecting various frequency elements at the input

level.

• An op-amp’s PSRR is the ability to reject noise or ripple occurring at the input side due

to the change in input offset voltage with respect to the change in power supply

voltage. That’s why it plays a vital role in ensuring stability in challenging operating

conditions in automotive, industrial and medical designs, especially for op-amps going

into battery-powered devices, where designers want to burn minimum power.

 13. Power Consumption

It is the amount of quiescent power to be consumed by op-amp

with zero input voltage, for its proper functioning

It is denoted as Pc

For 741C it is 85mW

Most of linear ICs are based on the two transistor differential amplifier
because of its
(A) input voltage dependent linear transfer characteristic.
(B) High voltage gain.
(C) High input resistance.
(D) High CMRR
If ADM = 3500 and ACM = 0.35, the CMRR is ……….
a)1225
b)10,000
c)80 dB
d) answers (b) and (c)
 14. Slew rate

It is defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage

with time. The slew rate is specified in V/µsec

Slew rate = S = dVo / dt |max

It is specified by the op-amp in unity gain condition.

The slew rate is caused due to limited charging rate of the

compensation capacitor and current limiting and saturation of the
internal stages of op-amp, when a high frequency large amplitude
signal is applied.
 Slew rate

It is given by dVc /dt = I/C

For large charging rate, the capacitor should be small or the

current should be large.
S = Imax / C

For 741 IC the charging current is 15 µA and

the internal capacitor is 30 pF. S= 0.5V/ µsec
 Slew rate equation

Vs = Vm sinωt
dVo = Vm ω cosωt
dt
Vo = Vm sinωt
dVo
S =slew rate =
dt max

S = Vm ω = 2 π f Vm
For distortion free output, the
S = 2 π f Vm V / sec maximum allowable input
frequency fm can be obtained as
This is also called full
S
power bandwidth of the fm 
2 V m
op-amp
A. 1.5 V/µs
B. 0.67 V/µs
C. 1.5 V/ms
D. 0.67 V/ms
A. 120
B. 7.5
C. 4/30
D. None of above
 An OPAMP has a slew rate of 5 V/μ S .The largest sine wave O/P
voltage possible at a frequency of 1 MHZ is
A. 10 volts
B. 5 volts
C. 5/π volts
D. 5/2π volts
By: Mohit Goel( Mr. Feb)
 15. Gain – Bandwidth product

It is the bandwidth of op-amp when voltage gain is unity (1). It is

denoted as GB.

The GB is also called unity gain bandwidth

(UGB) or closed loop bandwidth

It is about 1MHz for op-amp 741C

 17. Average temperature coefficient of offset parameters

The average rate of change of input offset voltage per unit change in
temperature is called average temperature coefficient of input offset
voltage or input offset voltage drift

It is measured in µV/oC. For 741 C it is 0.5 µV/oC

The average rate of change of input offset current per unit change in
temperature is called average temperature coefficient of input offset
current or input offset current drift

It is measured in nA/oC or pA/oC . For 741 C it is 12 pA/oC

 18. Output offset voltage ( Voos )

The output offset voltage is the dc voltage present at the output terminals
when both the input terminals are grounded.

It is denoted as Voos
 19. Supply current

It is drawn by the op-amp from the power supply

For op-amp 741C it is 2.8mA

 The Ideal Operational Amplifier

• Open loop voltage gain AOL = ∞

• Input Impedance Ri =∞

• Output Impedance Ro = 0

• Bandwidth BW = ∞

• Zero offset (Vo = 0 when V1 = V2 = 0) Vios = 0

• CMRR ρ =∞

• Slew rate S =∞

• No effect of temperature

• Power supply rejection ratio PSRR =0

 Ideal Voltage transfer curve

+Vsat
AOL = ∞

-Vd +Vd
0

+Vsat ≈ +Vcc
-Vsat
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)
By: Mohit Goel (Mr. Feb)