Design of Band brake

Group members
Akash Tathe (BE16F02F055)
Aishwarya Todmal (BE16F02F056)
Rushikesh Wandhekar (BE16F02F058)
Simple Band Brake
A band brake consists of a flexible band of leather, one or more ropes, or a steel lined with
friction material, which embraces a part of the circumference of the drum. A band brake, as is
called a simple band brake in which one end of the band is attached to a fixed pin or fulcrum
of the lever while the other end is attached to the lever at a distance b from When a force P is
applied to the lever at C, the lever turns about the fulcrum pin O and tightens the band on the
drum and hence the brakes are applied. The friction between the band and the drum provides
the braking force. The force P on the lever at C may be determined as discussed below
T1 = Tension in the tight side of the band,
T2 = Tension in the slack side of the band,
θ = Angle of lap (or embrace) of the band on the drum,
μ = Coefficient of friction between the band and the drum,
r = Radius of the drum,
t = Thickness of the band, and
re = Effective radius of the drum = r + t / 2.
We know that limiting ratio of the tensions is given by the relati

and braking force on the drum

= T1– T2
∴ Braking torque on the drum,
TB = (T1 – T2) r ...(Neglecting thickness of band)
= (T1 – T2) re ...(Considering thickness of band
Now considering the equilibrium of the lever OBC. It may be noted that when the drum rotates
in the clockwise direction as shown in Fig. 25.14 (a), the end of the band attached to the
fulcrum O will be slack with tension T2 and end of the band attached to B will be tight with
tension T1. On the other hand, when the drum rotates in the anticlockwise direction as shown
in Fig. 25.14 (b), the tensions in the band will reverse, i.e. the end of the band attached to the
fulcrum O will be tight with tension T1 and the end of the band attached to B will be slack
with tension T2. Now taking moments about the fulcrum O, we have
P.l = T1.b ......(for clockwise rotation of the drum)
and P.l = T2.b .........(for anticlockwise rotation of the drum
where
l = Length of the lever from the fulcrum (OC), and
b = Perpendicular distance from O to the line of action of T1 or T2.
Important Cases

1. When the brake band is attached to the lever, as shown in Fig. 25.14 (a) and (b), then the
force (P) must act in the upward direction in order to tighten the band on the drum

2. Sometimes the brake band is attached to the lever as shown in Fig. 25.15 (a) and (b), then
the force (P) must act in the downward direction in order to tighten the band. In this case, for
clockwise rotation of the drum, the end of the band attached to the fulcrum O will be tight with
tension T1 and band of the band attached to B will be slack with tension T2. The tensions T1
and T2 will reverse for anticlockwise rotation of the drum.
3. If the permissible tensile stress (σt
)for the material of the band is known, then maximum tension in
the band is given by

T1 = σt
×w×

where w = Width of the band, and

t = Thickness of the band.

4. The width of band (w) should not exceed 150 mm for drum diameter (d ) greater than 1 metre
and
100 mm for drum diameter less than 1 metre. The band thickness (t) may also be obtained by
using the empirical
relation i.e. t = 0.005 d
Heat to be Dissipated during Braking

The energy absorbed by the brake and transformed into heat must be dissipated to the
surrounding air in order to avoid excessive temperature rise of the brake lining. The
*temperature rise depends upon the mass of the brake drum, the braking time and the heat
dissipation capacity of the brake. The highest permissible temperatures recommended for
different brake lining materials are given as follows :

1. For leather, fiber and wood facing = 65 – 70°C

2. For asbestos and metal surfaces that are slightly lubricated = 90 – 105°C
3. For automobile brakes with asbestos block lining = 180 – 225°C
 the energy absorbed (or heat generated) and the rate of wear of
the brake lining at a particular speed are dependent on

the normal pressure between the braking surfaces

The permissible normal pressure between the braking surfaces depends upon

• the material of the brake lining

• the coefficient of friction
• the maximum rate at which the energy is to be absorbed.
The energy absorbed or the heat generated is given by
E = Hg = μ.RN.v = μ.p.A.v (in J/s or watts) ...(i)
where μ = Coefficient of friction,
RN = Normal force acting at the contact surfaces, in newtons,
p = Normal pressure between the braking surfaces in N/m2,
A = Projected area of the contact surfaces in m2, and
v = Peripheral velocity of the brake drum in m/s.
The heat generated may also be obtained by considering the amount of kinetic or potential
energies which is being absorbed.

In other words, Hg = EK + EP

where EK = Total kinetic energy absorbed,

and EP = Total potential energy absorbed.

The heat dissipated (Hd) may be estimated by

Hd = C (t1 – t2) Ar ...(ii)
where C = Heat dissipation factor or coefficient of heat transfer in W /m2 / °C
t1 – t2 = Temperature difference between the exposed radiating surface and the surrounding
air in °C,
Ar = Area of radiating surface in m2.
Q.
A band brake acts on the ¾ the of circumference of a drum of 450 mm diameter
which is keyed to the shaft. The band brake provides a braking torque of 225 N-m.
One end of the band is attached to a fulcrum pin of the lever and the other end to a
pin 100 mm from the fulcrum. If the operating force applied at 500 mm from the
fulcrum and the coefficient of friction is 0.25, find the operating force when the drum
rotates in the anticlockwise direction. If the brake lever and pins are to be made of
mild steel having permissible stresses for tension and crushing as 70 MPa and for
shear 56 MPa, design the shaft, key, lever and pins. The bearing pressure between the
pin and the lever may be taken as 8 N/mm2.
 Solution.
Given : d = 450 mm or r = 225 mm ;
TB = 225 N-m = 225 × 103 N-mm ;
OB = 100 mm ;
l = 500 mm ;
μ = 0.25 ;
σt = σc = 70 MPa = 70 N/mm2;
τ = 56 MPa = 56 N/mm2 ;
pb = 8 N/mm2
Operating force

Let P = Operating force.

The band brake is shown in Fig.
Since one end of the band is attached to the fulcrum at O,
therefore the operating force P will act upward and when the drum rotates
anticlockwise, the end of the band attached to O will be tight with tension T1 and the
end of the band attached to B will be slack with tension T2.
First of all, let us find the tensions T1 and T2
We know that angle of wrap, θ = 3/4 th of circumference =
3/4of 360 ° = 270° = 270 4.713 rad
This induced stress is within safe limits of 70 MPa.