KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷gm I

†bUIqvwK©s
wØZxq Aa¨vq
Av‡jvP¨ welq
• †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb
• †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Dcv`vb
• †WUv UªvÝwgkb w¯úW
• †WUv UªvÝwgkb c×wZ
• †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb
• †Kv‡bv †WUv ev Z_¨‡K GK Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z Ab¨
Kw¤úDUv‡i wKsev GK wWfvBm n‡Z Ab¨
wWfvB‡m Z_¨ ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii cÖwµqv‡K †WUv
KwgDwb‡Kkb e‡j|
• wWfvBm: †gvevBj, ¯§vU‡dvb, cv‡m©vbvj
wWwRUvj A¨vwmm‡U›U, wRwcGm †bwf‡MUi
BZ¨vw`)
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Dcv`vb
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi cuvPwU †gŠwjK Dcv`vb n‡jv-
1. Drm (Source): Kw¤úDUvi, †Uwj‡dvb BZ¨vw`|
2. †cÖiK (Transmitter): g‡Wg|
3. gva¨g (Medium): K¨vej, cvewjK †Uwj‡dvb jvBb,
†iwWI I‡qf, gvB‡µvI‡qf, AcwUK¨vj dvBevi BZ¨vw`|
4. MÖvnK ev cÖvcK (Receiver): g‡Wg|
5. MšÍe¨ (Destination): Kw¤úDUvi|
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi
Dcv`vb
†WUv UªvÝwgkb w¯úW
• †Kv‡bv †WUv‡K GK Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i wKsev GK¯’vb
n‡Z Ab¨¯’v‡b †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii nvi‡K †WUv UªvÝwgkb w¯úW e‡j|
• G UªvÝwgkb w¯úW‡K Bandwidth ejv nq|
• cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û †h cwigvY weU UªvÝwgU Kiv nq Zv‡K bps ev Bandwidth
e‡j|
• †WUv UªvÝdvi MwZi Dci wfwË K‡i KwgDwb‡Kkb MwZ‡K wZbfv‡M
fvM Kiv nq| h_v:
1. b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ (Narrow Band)
2. f‡qm e¨vÛ (Voice Band)
3. eªW e¨vÛ (Broad Band)
b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ (Narrow Band)
• †h e¨v‡Û †WUv PjvP‡ji MwZ 45 bps †_‡K 300 bps
ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K Zv‡K b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ e‡j|
• b¨v‡iv e¨v‡Ûi gva¨‡g †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii MwZ
me‡P‡q Kg|
• e¨envi: †UwjMÖvdx‡Z|
f‡qm e¨vÛ (Voice Band)
• G e¨v‡Ûi †WUv UªvÝwgkb nvi 9600 bps ch©šÍ n‡q
_v‡K|
• GwU mvaviYZ j¨vÛ †Uwj‡dv‡b †ewk e¨envi Kiv nq|
• e¨envi:
Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K wcÖ›Uv‡i
KvW© wiWvi †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i
eªW e¨vÛ (Broad Band)
• GwU D”P MwZm¤úbœ Bandwidth- hvi MwZ Kgc‡ÿ 1
Mbps n‡Z 1 Gbps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
• e¨envi:
†Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej
AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨vej
WiMax
m¨v‡UjvBU KwgDwb‡Kkb
gvB‡µvI‡qf KwgDwb‡Kkb
†WUv UªvÝwgkb c×wZ
†WUv UªvÝwgkb c×wZ‡K 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
1. c¨vivjvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb
2. wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb
 c¨vivjvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb
• ‡cÖiK I cÖvc‡Ki g‡a¨ mgvšÍivjfv‡e
†WUv PjvPj Ki‡j Zv‡K c¨vivjvj †WUv
UªvÝwgkb e‡j|
• GB c×wZ‡Z 1 evBU ev 8 weU †WUv
cvkvcvwk 8wU c„_K jvB‡bi gva¨‡g
Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• myweav: GB c×wZ‡Z Lye `ªæZ †WUv
UªvÝwgkb Kiv hvq|
• Amyweav: `~iZ¡ †ewk n‡j GB c×wZ‡Z
‡WUv UªvÝwgkb A‡bK e¨qeûj|
 wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb
• ‡h UªvÝwgk‡b †WUv 1 weU K‡i
Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K
wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb e‡j|
• myweav: GB c×wZ †WUv
UªvÝwgk‡bi Rb¨ 1 wU jvB‡bi
cÖ‡qvRb nq| hvi d‡j Kg Li‡P AwaK
`~iZ¡ ch©šÍ †WUv cvVv‡bv hvq|
• Amyweav: GwU axi MwZ m¤úbœ
cÖwµqv|
weU wmb‡µvbvB‡Rk‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i
†WUv UªÝwgkb c×wZ‡K 3 fv‡M fvM
Kiv
•
hvq
wmMb¨vj cvVv‡bvi mgq wewfbœ we‡Ui g‡a¨ mgš^‡qi Rb¨
e¨eüZ c×wZ‡K ejv nq weU wmb‡µvbvB‡Rkb|
• weU wmb‡µvbvB‡Rk‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i †WUv UªÝwgkb
c×wZ‡K 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
1. Gwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Asynchronous Transmission)
2. wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Synchronous Transmission )
3. AvB‡mv‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Isochronous Transmission)
Gwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb
• †h †WUv UªvÝwgkb wm‡÷‡g †cÖiK Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z †WUv MÖvnK Kw¤úDUv‡i
K¨v‡i±vi evB K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝwgU nq Zv‡K Gwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb e‡j|
• Gwmb‡µvbvm c×wZ‡Z ïiæ‡Z 1wU ÷vU© weU Ges †k‡l 1wU ev 2wU ÷c weU
e¨envi Kiv nq|
• G ai‡bi UªvÝwgkb e¨e¯’vq †cÖiK †h‡Kv‡bv mgq †WUv UªvÝwgU Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges
MÖvnKI Zv MÖnY Ki‡e|
• †cÖiK †÷k‡b cÖvBgvwi †÷v‡i‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
• G c×wZ‡Z GKwU K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝwgU nevi ci Av‡iKwU K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝwgU Kivi
gv‡Si weiwZ mgvb bv n‡q wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i|
• Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z wcÖ›Uv‡i †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡i G c×wZ e¨eüZ nq|
• Kx‡evW© n‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡i G c×wZ e¨eüZ nq|
Gwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb
wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb
• †h †WUv UªvÝwgkb e¨e¯’vq †cÖiK †÷k‡b cª_‡g †WUv‡K †Kv‡bv cÖv_wgK
†÷v‡iR wWfvB‡m msiÿY K‡i †bqvi ci †WUvi K¨v‡i±vimg~n‡K eøK AvKv‡i fvM
K‡i cÖwZev‡i GKwU K‡i eøK UªvÝwgU Kiv nq Zv‡K wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb
e‡j|
• cÖwZwU eø‡K Kgc‡ÿ 80 †_‡K 132wU K¨v‡i±vi _v‡K|
• UªvÝwgk‡bi MwZ A‡bK †ewk|
• `ywU eø‡Ki gvSLv‡bi weiwZ mgvb n‡q _v‡K|
• †cÖiK †÷k‡b cÖvBgvwi †÷v‡i‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb nq|
• Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡b wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb
c×wZ e¨eüZ nq|
• GK¯’vb †_‡K `~ieZ©x †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡i GB c×wZ e¨eüZ nq|
wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb
AvB‡mv‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb
• AvB‡mv‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb wmb‡µvbvm
UªvÝwgk‡bi AviI DbœZ fvm©b|
• AvB‡mv‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡b †cÖiK I cÖvcK
†÷k‡bi g‡a¨ †WUv UªvÝwgkb wW‡j (Delay)
me©wb¤œ ivLv nq|
• mvaviYZ wi‡qj UvBg A¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi †WUv
UªvÝdv‡i G c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
†WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW
• Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv
KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †ÿ‡Î †WUv cÖev‡ni w`K‡K †WUv
UªvÝwgkb †gvW ejv nq|
• cÖvc‡Ki msL¨v I †WUv MÖn‡Yi AwaKv‡ii Dci
wfwË K‡i †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW‡K cÖavbZ wZb
fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v-
1. BDwbKv÷ (Unicast)
2. eªWKv÷ (Broadcast)
BDwbKv÷ (Unicast)

• ‡h UªvÝwgkb c×wZ‡Z
GKRb †cÖiK ‡_‡K
GKRb cÖvc‡Ki g‡a¨
†WUv Av`vb cÖ`vb nq
Zv‡K BDwbKv÷
UªvÝwgkb †gvW e‡j|
• GK mv‡_ GKvwaK
cÖvcK †WUv MÖnY
 eªWKv÷ (Broadcast)

• G UªvÝwgkb e¨e¯’vq
†bUIqv‡K©i †Kv‡bv GKwU
†bvW (Kw¤úDUvi, wcÖ›Uvi
ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv hš¿cvwZ)
†_‡K †WUv †cÖiY Ki‡j Zv
†bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯’ mKj
†bvWB MÖnY K‡i|
• ‡hgb- wUwf I †iwWI
m¤cÖPvi
gvwëKv÷ (Multicast)

• gvwëKv÷ UªvÝwgkb
e¨e¯’vq †bUIqv‡K©i
†Kv‡bv GKwU †bvW
†_‡K †WUv †cÖiY Ki‡j
Zv †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯’
mKj †bvWB MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv|
• kyaygvÎ wbw`©ó GKwU
MÖy‡ci mKj m`m¨ MÖnY
†WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW
‡WUv cÖev‡ni w`‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i †WUv
UªvÝwgkb †gvW‡K 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
1. wmg‡cø· (Simplex)
2. nvd-Wy‡cø· (Half Duplex)
3. dzj-Wy‡cø· (Full-Duplex)
 wmg‡cø· (Simplex)

• †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î †KejgvÎ

GKw`‡K †WUv †cÖiY‡K
wmg‡cø· †gvW ejv nq |
• wmg‡cø· e¨e¯’vq †h cÖvšÍ
†WUv †cÖiY Ki‡e †m cÖvšÍ
MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges
MÖnY cÖvšÍI †cªiY Ki‡Z
cvi‡e bv|
• D`vniY-†iwWI, wUwf BZ¨vw`|
 nvd-Wy‡cø· (Half Duplex)

• G e¨e¯’vq †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î

Dfq w`K †_‡K †WUv †cÖiY Kiv
hvq Z‡e Zv GKB mg‡q m¤¢e bq|
• G c×wZ‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvšÍ
GKB mg‡q †KejgvÎ †WUv
MÖnY A_ev †cÖiY Ki‡Z cv‡i,
wKš‘ MÖnY Ges †cÖiY GKB
mv‡_ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
• D`vniY: IqvwKUwK|
 dzj-Wy‡cø· (Full-Duplex)

• G e¨e¯’vq †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii

†ÿ‡Î GKB mg‡q Dfq w`K
n‡Z †WUv †cÖiY I MÖnY
Kiv hvq|
• D`vniY- †Uwj‡dvb,
†gvevBj I B›Uvi‡bU
BZ¨vw`|