Ex-situ

conservation
 Literally means “off site conservation.

Conservation of species outside their natural habitat.

Definition Species are reared and protected in special areas.

Includes zoos, botanical garden, seed banks.

 Purpose/importance of ex-situ
Quality material for study
and research.

Re-establishment of
Increase in no. of 3. extinct habitats.
endangered species.
4.
2.

Source of entertainment Conservation of genetic

and income. 1. 5. material of species.
 EX-SITU CONSERVATION IN NEPAL
1. In Nepal, many species are under the threat of extinction.

2. Species like vulture and Gharial crocodile are decreasing

drastically due to over exploitation of resources and hunting.

3. The government of Nepal has implemented different rules for

captive breeding of these at-risk species.

4. The central zoo is the only conservation area in this sector

managed by NTNC.

5. The NTNC also works with government to conduct different

programs for ex-situ conservation.
 Ex-situ
Conservation
Sites
Includes:
1. Zoos
2. Botanical gardens
3. Seed banks
-Sneha Sapkota
 Zoos or Zoological Gardens
• Protection site for animal species.
• Also includes aquaria; for aquatic animals.
• Source of entertainment and research.
• World’s first: Tiergarten Schönbrunn; Vienna,
Australia; 1752 A.D.
• Currently more than 10,000 zoos throughout the
world.
• Only one in Nepal; Central zoo, Jawalakhel.
Central zoo of Nepal
Established date: 1932 A.D. ; public in 1956 A.D.

Established by: Juddha Samsher Rana

Location: Jawalakhel, Lalitpur

Total number of individuals: 870 Pond inside central zoo

Number of species: 109

Area covered: 6 hectares

Average annual visitors: 1,000,000

Aquaria inside central zoo

 Central zoo gate Clouded leopard

Greater one-horned rhino Bengal tiger

 Importance of zoos:

oProtection of very rare species.

oIt sets a “insurance” population for rare species.

oIt acts as a source for tourism, income and entertainment.

oIt acts a living museum and provides in research materials.

oPopulation of a species in wild can be augmented by the introduction of individuals bred in a zoo.

oIt raises awareness about the importance of wildlife and its conservation.
-Saurav Marasinee
 Seed banks
Method of conserving germplasm.

Convenient and space saving.

Initially focused in food crops.

Nowadays used for endangered species too.

Only applicable for plants as animals cannot be

reproduced completely with externally stored seed.

The seeds can be dormant for thousands of year if they

are kept in appropriate conditions.

The seeds are very hard to keep viable for long duration
of time.

The seeds are germinated regularly to test.

Importance of seed banks
1. Increase in the yield, disease resistance,
drought tolerance and nutritional value.

2. Conservation of genetic diversity in rare

plant species.

3. Source of plant seeds for economically

weak farmers.

4. Acts as an important part of robust seed

system for food security.
Seed banks in Nepal
 Major agencies working in sector of seed
bank in nepal
Currently, some major agencies to practice and promote community
seed banks in Nepal are:

The jogimora community seed bank, Nepal, maintains various of the

major crops of the area including eleven irrigated and five upland
rice varieties, as well as two varieties of maize. The first community
seed bank in Nepal was established in 1994 in the dalchowki
community through the integrated community development program
(icdp), implemented by USC Canada.
- Saurav Kumar Kaushal
 Botanical Gardens
Garden dedicated to the collection, cultivation, preservation and
display of a wide range of plants labeled with their botanical
names.

First botanical garden was developed by developed by

Theophrastus(370-285 BC).
Importance of Botanical gardan
Importance of Botanical Gardens
They conserve rare and endangered
plant species.

They supply wild range of plant species,

seeds, flowers, fruits for botanical research.

They keep records as well as grow

important plants of local flora. Lilium nepalense Cycas pectinata

They also grow and maintain unseasonal

flora inside green houses by regulating
temperature.

 They have the public in identifying in

exotic plant species; provide instructions for
home garden’s; supply plant resource.
Green house
 Botanical Gardens in Nepal
1. National Botanical Garden

Established: 1962 A.D.

Location: Godawari, Lalitpur

2. Mai Pokhari Botanical Garden

Established date: 2008 A.D.

Location: Ilam
3. Tistung Botanical Garden

Established date: 2019 B.S.

Location: Makwanpur
4. Mulpani botanical garden

Established date: 1990 A.D.

Location: Salyan
5. Dhakeri botanical garden

Established date: 1999 A.D.

Location: Banke
6. Devaria botanical garden

Established date:

Location: Kailali
7. Brindavan Botanical Garden

Established date:

Location: Hetauda
8. Dhitachaur botanical garden

Established date: 2056 B.S.

Location: Jumla
9. Daman botanical garden

Established date:

Location: Makwanpur
10. Dhanushadham botanical garden

Established date:

Location: Janakpur
11. World peace botanical garden

Established date:

Location: Pokhara
Thank you

- Saurav Yadav
 Drawbacks of ex-situ conservation
1. Although it produces a habitat similar to that of the species to be conserved, it cannot
reproduce the habitat exact the way like its original habitat.

2. The species conserved by this method are not allowed to evolve forward as their natural
habitat cannot be reproduced and they are provided with their needs by humans.

3. If the animals breed in captivity, it is easier to keep them but those species which cannot
breed properly in captivity are hard to conserve as they don't reproduce their young ones.

4. Ex-situ conservation can only save a specific species of plants or animals whereas in-situ
conservation tends to conserve the whole ecosystem.

5. Some species like whales are impossible to conserve with ex-situ conservation as they
can only live and breed properly in the wild.
Conclusion
In conclusion, ex-situ conservation should only be used
as the last resort if in-situ conservation and all other
conservation methods are not available or not
applicable in that situation.
-Shailendra Sigdel