Slide Rule makes use of logarithmic functions.

Multiply/divide gets converted into add/subtract-simplification

 • Laplace Transform- Definition

• It transforms the time domain function f(t) into F(s) (s domain or complex frequency domain)
• Where s is a complex variable
• It converts differential equations (and integrals) into simple algebraic equations.
https://services.math.duke.edu/education/ccp/materials/engin/laplace/laplace2.html
 Solution using Laplace Transform

So Laplace transform converts differential equations into algebraic equations

https://slideplayer.com/slide/17770452/
• If input signal is known, then modelling and analysis becomes easy.
• Generally the input to the system is unknown like in Radar tracking,
the position, speed and angle of the target is unknown.
• So there’s a need to have some standard test signals that would
emulate the real life situations.
• So these test signals are used to verify the design.
Laplace Transform is good for;

Solving differential equations

System Modelling
Time response analysis
Control System Application (Stability)
Provides Transfer Function –relation between inputs and outputs
Volage across Inductor L

Volage across Capacitor C

https://www.dummies.com/article/technology/electronics/circuitry/analyze-an-rlc-circuit-using-laplace-methods-166278/
Basic Test signals in Control Engineering
• Step
• Impulse
• Ramp
• Parabola
• Sinusoidal/Cosine
• Exponential
Unit Step Signal
It has a unit value (1) for t > = 0.

It shows a sudden change in the input signal

Like change in temperature(AC)/pressure/velocity(car) etc
Unit Impulse Signal (delta function)
Ideally, it has infinite value and very narrow area/width and exist at t=0.

A unit impulse has a

unit value (1) for t = 0,
else 0.

An impulse signal shows a sudden rise in input for a short time/shock.

An impulse to the mass suspension system coming from the bump on the road
Playing baseball; hitting the ball
Its like a glitch/spike in the input
Sudden increase in AC mains supply for very short time
Ramp Signal
It has a value t for t >= 0.

It shows a continuous increase in the input signal

in satellite tracking, the input is linear increase in position that results also in
linear in position as a output,
If system’s output is velocity, the input ramp represents a linearly increasing
velocity.
Parabolic Signal
Its like a signal constantly increasing but non-linear
A unit parabolic signal is defined as

Its like a constant acceleration

https://www.slideshare.net/SaifUllah32/lecture-12-timedomainanalysisofcontrolsystems
Linearity Property
To have linearity property, it must satisfy the superposition property/theorem.

Where a1 and a2 are constants

Time Scaling Property

When you multiply in time domain by ‘a’, it gets divided by ‘a’ in frequency domain
Time-shifting/Delay Property

if a function is delayed in time by td, the result in the s domain is

multiplying the Laplace transform of the function (without the delay) by e–
std
.
Frequency Shifting Property

https://slideplayer.com/slide/17770452/
Laplace Transform of Derivative

First Order

Second Order

Third Order
Applications of Laplace Transform in control theory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iM-NM__HSdY
Partial Fractions
• It is a technique used to solve differential equations.
• It works only when degree of numerator is less than degree of
numerator called proper fractions.
Partial Fraction Formulas

https://byjus.com/maths/partial-fractions/