What is Energy ?

 The ability to do work is called Energy.

 It exists in many forms:
1. Potential Energy
2. Kinetic Energy
3. Thermal Energy
4. Electric Energy
5. Chemical Energy , etc.
Thermodynamics and It’s Laws
Thermodynamics is a branch of natural
science concerned with heat and its relation
to energy and work.

Laws of Thermodynamics:
• Zeroth Law : If two systems are each in
thermal equilibrium with a third, they are
also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
 Contd…
• First Law : The increase in internal energy of
a closed system is equal to the difference of
the heat supplied to the system and the work
done by it: ΔU = Q - W 
• Second Law : Heat cannot spontaneously
flow from a colder location to a hotter
location.
• Third Law: As a system approaches absolute
zero the entropy of the system approaches a
minimum value.
Some Important Terms:
• Enthalpy : It is a measure of the
total energy of a thermodynamic
system. (ΔH=U + pV)
• Internal Energy : It is the total energy
contained by a thermodynamic
system.
• Latent Heat : It is the heat released or
absorbed by a system during a
constant-temperature process.
Contd…
• GCV (Gross Calorific Value) :It is determined
by bringing all the products of combustion
back to the original pre-combustion
temperature, and in particular condensing
any vapor produced.
• LCV (Lower Calorific Value) : It is determined
by subtracting the heat of vaporization of the
water vapor from the higher heating value.
 Heat transfer in Boiler
(Steam) (Exhaust)

(Surface Loss)

(Economiser) (APH)

(Bagasse)

(Ash)
Contd…
Q=Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4+Q5+Q6
Where,
Q = Heat of Bagasse
Q1 = Heat to Steam
Q2 = Radiation losses through surface
Q3 = Heat to Economiser
Q4 = Heat to APH
Q5 = Loss through flue gas going out of
chimney
Q6 = Heat loss in ash
GCV Of Bagasse
GCV=4600X(1 – moisture%/100)-1200X(pol%/100)

=4600 X (1 – 49.90/100) – 1200 X (1.51/100)

=2304.06-18.12
=2285.94 k Cal/kg or 9555.23 kJ/kg

Used in boiler =9555.23/SFR kJ/kg

=9555.23/2.22 kJ/kg
=4304.16 kJ/kg
Transfer of Energy
The GCV of bagasse is transferred to flue gas
and flue gas will transfer this energy to
steam at the following stages:
1. Economiser ;
2. Water walls ; &
3. Primary and Secondary Superheater.
Enthalpy of Water/Steam at
different Zones in Boiler
1. At Economiser Inlet
(120°C,112kg/cm²): 511.55 kJ/kg
2. At Economiser Outlet
(275°C,109kg/cm²): 1208.76 kJ/kg
3. At Primary Superheater Outlet
(466°C,91kg/cm²): 3299.9 kJ/kg
4. At Secondary Superheater Outlet
(513°C,87kg/cm²): 3423.47 kJ/kg
 Contd…
5. At Turbine Inlet
(505°C,87kg/cm²): 3403.49 kJ/kg
6. At Turbine Outlet
(126°C,0.9kg/cm²): 2670.31 kJ/kg

(Note: All values above were taken at an

instance during operation and the values
correspond to the steam table.)
Losses using Enthalpy Balance
Input=Output + Losses
or
Losses=Input – Output
Thus,
Total Losses = GCV of Bagasse - Energy
transferred to Steam (i.e. the enthalpy of
steam at Secondary Superheater outlet)
= (4304.16 - 3423.47) kJ/kg = 880.69 kJ/kg
 Visible Losses
• From Secondary Superheater outlet to turbine inlet :
Loss = (3423.47- 3403.49)kJ/kg
= 19.98 kJ/kg
• Through Turbine Drains and Casing :
Loss = (733.18- 630.72)kJ/kg
= 102.46 kJ/kg
• Through Stack ( at 120°C) = 158.23 kJ/kg

*Note : The calculations for losses through turbine drains and casings is shown in the following slides.
 Contd…
• Total Visible losses = (19.98+ 102.46+ 158.23)
= 280.67 kJ/kg
• Thus,
Other losses = (880.69- 280.67)
= 600.02 kJ/kg
 In Boiler

Total enthalpy gain of water/steam in Boiler

=(Enthalpy of steam at Turbine inlet) –
(Enthalpy of ground water)

=(3403.49-150.27)kJ/kg = 3253.22 kJ/kg

Efficiency of Boiler using Enthalpy
Balance
Efficiency = (1-Losses/Input) X 100
= (1-880.69 / 3253.22) X 100
= 70.89 %
 In Turbine
Total enthalpy drop in turbine corresponding
to steam at 505°C,87kg/cm² at Inlet
and 126°C,0.9kg/cm² at outlet
= (3403.49 - 2670.31) kJ/kg
= 733.18 kJ/kg
(from steam table)
 Contd…
The enthalpy drop in turbine can also be found
out using the power generated.

Total Power Generated = 21.9MW

Total Steam Used = 125TPH

Enthalpy Drop = (21.9 X 10³) X 3600/(125 X 10³)

= 630.72 kJ/kg
 Contd…
Thus the losses in turbine considering
calculations from the previous slides are:

(Enthalpy Drop calculated from steam table)

– (Enthalpy Drop as per Power Generated)
= 733.18 kJ/kg – 630.72 kJ/kg= 102.46kJ/kg
Efficiency of Turbine using Energy
Balance
Efficiency = (1-Losses/Input) X 100
= (1-102.46 / 3253.22) X 100
= 96.85 %
After Turbine
The exhaust steam from turbine goes to the
boiling house for Boiling in Evaporators and in
Sulpher Burners.
The latent heat of vaporization gets used up in the
Evaporators.
The Sulpher Burners use a minor percentage of
the exhaust that is 1.5 Tons (approx.) out of 120
Tons.
The enthalpy of exhaust from steam table comes
out to be 2715.17kJ/kg
Complete Enthalpy Balance
GCV of Bagasse (4304.16kJ/kg)
↓
Final Enthalpy of Steam(3403.49kJ/kg) + Losses(880.69kJ/kg)
↓
Generated Power + Losses + Condensate Enthalpy
(630.72 kJ/kg) (102.46kJ/kg) (2715.17kJ/kg)
Enthalpy Balance as a Flow Diagram