HAWASSA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL & Urban ENGINEERING
DEPARTIMENT

Movement Network Design

Ceng 3431
 Chapter one

Transportation
System

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 Lecture Content
Introduction
Modes of Transport
Transportation system components
Economic and environmental impacts of
transport
Transport Planning

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 Introduction
• Transport is movement of people and goods from
one location to another.
• Transport can be performed by various mode of
transport. Eg. Road, rail, air water, etc
• Transportation system consists of three basic
components
- physical components
- Human resourse
- Operation rules

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1.1.Modes of transport
• Modes of transport is a technological solution that
uses fundamentally different physical elements,
human resources and operating rules.
• Transport of people or goods may be by using one or
different modes
• Each mode of transport has its own advantage and
disadvantage, and chosen depending on the purpose
and nature of the trip and destination.

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Principal modes of transport
 Human powered
transport
 Animal powered
transport
 Road transport
 Rail transport
 water transport
 Inter modal
 Pipe line

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Human powered transport
• Transport of persons or goods using human muscular
power
• common mode of transport in rural areas like in
Ethiopia. eg. Fetching water, going to/coming from
farm
• Also used in urban area for short journey and leisure.
Eg. Walking, cycling,swimming, etc
• Ideal form of sustainable transport

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 Animal Powered Transport
• Use of animals for transport of people and goods
• Eg. For riding, as pack animals, animal pooled
catrs,....
• Animals are superior to people in their speed,
endurance and carrying capacity
• Mostly used for inland transport
• Prior to industrial revolution animals were used for
all land transport impracticable for people.
• Important mode of transport in developing countries

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Road transport
• Road - an identifiable route/path which connects two or
more places.
• Roads are typically smoothed, paved or otherwise
prepared to allow easy travel.
• It is main mode of transport out of all modes due to
(advantages )
- wide geographical coverage
- Quick and assured delivery
- Low capital investment
- Flexibility and versatility
- Door to door service
- Personalized travel
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Disadvantages
• Safety
• Environmental polution
• Energy consumption
• Parking problem in urban areas
• Congestion
Rail transport
• Train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as
railway or rail road
• Principal carrier of freight in land
• Transports heavy goods for long distance (>300km)
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Rail transport advantages
• Low cost
• Environmental friendly
• Safety
Disadvantages
• Lack flexibility and versatility
• Liable to product damage and theft

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Air transport
• Provides rapid service for passangers, mails, small
shipments of light weights, valuable commodities, ...
• Speed of delivery is controlling factor for choose
• Effective in transport of perishable goods like
vegitables and flowers
• High investment and operation cost

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Water transport
• Use of rivers, lakes, canals, oceans for transportation
of people or goods
• Vehicle for water transport: passanger boats,
containerships, bulk carriers, ....
• Most inexpensive method of shipping high-bulk low-
value non pershible commodities
• Very slow mode
• Primary means of international shipping b/n
countries separated by oceans for most products

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Intermodal transport
• Combines several modes of transport to move people
or shipments
• Eg. Truck – rail –truck, truck –water – rail/truck, road –
air – road
Pipeline transport
• Sends goods (commonly liquid and gaseous)through a
pipe
• Common goods transported by pipe are: petroleum,
natural gas, water, beer, swage, ...
• Require high intial capital investiment but low
operation cost due to computerized system
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1.2. Transportation System components
Physical Components
• Physical components of transportation system includes
• infrastructure;
• vehicles;
• equipment; and
• control, communications, and location systems.
• Infrastructure-refers to fixed parts of transportation system
(parts that are static and do not move). These include:
• travel-ways- eg. Highway, rail road tracks, specific air corridor
• Terminals-represents points where users can inter or leave the
system
• Stations-
• vehicles – elements of transportation system that move
along travelway
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Physical elements cond..
• Equipment- facilitates transportation process
Eg. -Loading/unloading equipment
-baggage handling conveyor belts at air ports
• Control involves the elements required to allocate
right-of-way. Allocating right-of-way requires air
traffic control centers, traffic signals, and travel-way
signs.
• Communications systems linking traffic control
centers to travel-way equipment such as variable
message signs, traffic signals, transit vehicles, air
traffic controllers, and pilots.

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Human resources
• Human resources, essential to the operation
of transportation systems, include
 vehicle operators such as automobile, truck and
bus drivers, airline pilots
 railroad engineers,
maintenance and construction workers,
transportation managers, and
professionals who use knowledge and information
to advance the transportation enterprise.

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Operating rules
• Operating rules include
• schedules - define the arrival and departure
times of transportation vehicles at the different
transportation terminals and stations
• crew assignment- involves assigning operators
to the different vehicles (e.g., assigning bus
drivers to the different buses in a transit
agency’s fleet, assigning pilots and flight
attendants to flights, etc.).
• connection patterns- refer to how service is
organized over the transportation system or
network
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Operation rules cont....
• cost/level of service tradeoff- tradeoff involves
setting operational rules for transportation
systems, and doing so involves a tradeoff
between cost and level of service
• contingency plans- are implemented when
something goes wrong with the transportation
system.

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1.3. Economic and environmental impacts of transport

• Economic impact:
Key component of growth and globalization
Infrastructure building and operation of transport
consumes huge amount of capital
Traffic safety
• Environmental impact:
 infrastructure building consumes huge amount of land
 Transport is largest drainer of energy
 Air pollution
 Traffic noise

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1.4. Transport planning
• Transport planning is a science that seeks to study the
problem that arise in providing transportation facilities
and to prepare systematic basis for planning such
facilities.
• Good land use minimizes the need for transport: keeps
common activities close to people home, places high
density development closer to high capacity transport
facilities
• Transport facilities consume significant amount of land in
urban areas: pavement (streets and parking) consumes
more than 20% of total land area – good transport
planning reduces land wastage
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Transport planning process
• Planning process can take place at
national, regional or local level
• System approach to transportation
planning-mainly conserned with
optimizing performance of a `system`

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Process involved in system approach to
transport planning

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Process involved in system approach to
transport planning
Facility inventary – what was there?
Socio-economic and land-use data- for demand prediction
Goals and objectives- what to achieve at the end?
System deficiencies and opportunities- problem definition
Develop and analysis alternatives- use of d/t transport models-
trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice, trip assignment,
etc
Eveluate alternatives- operation cost saving, travel time saving,
life saving, etc
Implment plan- detail design and construction
Monitor system performance-transpotr mgt system, pavement
mgt system, congestion mgt system, ...

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