LA CARLOTA CITY COLLEGE-GRADUATE SCHOOL

M.A.Ed. MATHEMATICS

PARALLEL LINES
PERPENDICULAR
LINES
TRANSVERSAL Presented by: Ann Marie P. Marquez

LINES
PARALLEL LINES
Parallel lines in real life:
PARALLEL LINES
EUCLID’S FIFTH POSTULATE
PARALLEL POSTULATE
States that “If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on
the same side less than two right angles, the straight lines, if produced indefinitely, will
meet on that side on which the angles are less than two right angles.”
A
∠A + ∠B < 180°
B

or in a more familiar way

“In a plane, through any point not on a given line only new one line can be drawn
parallel to the original one.”

EUCLID
C
PARALLEL LINES

Definition:
Two lines are parallel if and only if they lie in the same plane (coplanar) and do not intersect
(equidistant).

These are some examples of parallel lines in different

directions: horizontally, diagonally, and vertically.

We will use the symbol ∥ to denote parallel lines. In the figure l ∥ m. Note that it is not enough to describe
parallel lines as lines that do not meet. It is important to make sure that these lines are also coplanar.

M.A.Ed. MATHEMATICS
PARALLEL LINES
Moreover, if we draw a perpendicular line segment from a point on one line to a point on the
other, we can obtain a segment with unique length. This unique length is referred to as the
distance between two parallel lines.

M.A.Ed. MATHEMATICS
PARALLEL LINES

Parallel lines have the same slope. Since slope is referred to as

rise over run, having the same slope means that two lines will
rise and run at the exact same rate.
Note:
The slope is the steepness or degree of the line. To find the slope if
The equation of a line is: y=mx+b. given two points use
the formula:
where:
y =The point up or down the y-axis
x = The point along the x-axis
m= The slope of the line is the steepness of the line
b = The b represents the value when x is equal to 0. That means it's the
value of where the line crosses the y-axis.
PARALLEL LINES
Example No. 1

Given two equation of a line.

There are two lines, g = 3x + 7 and line h = -3x - 2, are these lines parallel?

Step 1: Determine the slope of the lines using the slope-intercept

form; y=mx +b, where m is the slope.

Step 2:   g = 3x + 7 , m= 3

h = -3x - 2, m= -3 } Slopes of the two lines are inverse.

 Therefore, lines g = 3x + 7 and h = -3x - 2 are not parallel.
 Step 4: Graph
Line no. 1 g = 3x + 7
g = 3x + 7
m= 3 m= or 3
b= 7

Line no. 2 b= 7
h = -3x - 2
m= -3
b= -2

The two lines are

intersecting. b= -3

m= or -3
Remember:
Two or more lines h = -3x - 2
which share exactly
one common point are
called intersecting
lines. 
PARALLEL LINES
Step 2: Solve each pair of Step 2: Solve each
Example No. 2
points (-3,14) and (1,-2) pair of points
Given two pair of points. (0, -3) and (-2, 5)

One line passes through the points (-

3,14) and (1,-2) and another line
passes through points (0, -3) and (-2,
5).

Step 1: Determine the slope by solving

it using the formula:
Slopes of the two lines are the same.
Therefore, lines are parallel.
Step 4: Graph (-3,14)

First pair of points:

(-3,14) and (1,-2)
(-2, 5)

Next…
(0, -3) and (-2, 5)
(0, -3) (1,-2)

Slope of the lines

are both -4. so the
lines are parallel.
PARALLEL LINES
Example No. 3
Given a line and a pair of points.

Step 3: Identify the slope of the line

Determine if line Multiplication
So, () Property of Equality

Step 1: Determine the Slope of the points

Step 2: Solve using the formula of the slope.
𝑥2 𝑦 2 𝑥1 𝑦 1 Therefore, line has as slope of 4.

Thus, line and points are parallel since they

have the same slopes.
Step 4: Graph
Graph the points:

(2,8)
m=4
Line:
b= 3
()

(-1, -4)
m= 4, b= 3
PERPENDICULAR LINES
Perpendicular lines in real life:
PERPENDICULAR LINES

PERPENDICULAR POSTULATE
If there is a line and a point not on the line, then there is exactly one line through the point
perpendicular to the given line.

There is only one

point through Q Q
that is
perpendicular to l
line l.
EUCLID
PERPENDICULAR LINES

Definition:
Perpendicular lines are defined as two lines that meet or intersect each other at right angles (90°). The
term ‘perpendicular’ originated from the Latin word ‘perpendicularis,’ meaning a plumb line. 
If two lines, AB and CD, are perpendicular, then we can write them as AB ⟂ CD.
The symbol ⟂ is used to indicate that the lines are perpendicular.

90°

∟
90°
∟
∟
90°
90°
PERPENDICULAR LINES
Two lines are perpendicular if and only if the slopes of the
two lines are the negative reciprocals.
Thus,
Example No. 1

Determine if the two lines are perpendicular.

Step 1:Identify the slopes of the both lines.

Step 2: Solve
Multiplication Property of
( Multiplication Property of
Equality
) Equality

Therefore, m= 5

Therefore, m=
Thus, lines , are Perpendicular
because the slopes are the negative reciprocal.
PERPENDICULAR LINES
Step 4: Graph

First equation:
m= b= 2

m=5
m= , b= 2

Second equation:

b=-3

m= 5, b= -3
TRANSVERSAL
LINES
TRANSVERSAL LINES
Definition:
When a line intersects two lines at distinct points, it is called a transversal. 
In the figure below, line n intersects l and m at two distinct points, P and Q.
Therefore, line n is the transversal line.
TRANSVERSAL LINES
CORRESPONDING
ANGLE POSTULATE

If two parallel lines are cut

by a transversal, then each
pair of corresponding angles REMEMBER
is congruent.
TRANSVERSAL LINES
ALTERNATE
INTERIOR ANGLES
THEOREM

If two parallel lines are

cut by a transversal, then
each pair of alternate REMEMBER
interior angles in
congruent.
TRANSVERSAL LINES
SAME SIDE INTERIOR
ANGLES THEOREM

If two parallel lines are cut

by a transversal, then each
pair of same side interior
angles is supplementary.
TRANSVERSAL LINES

ALTERNATE EXTERIOR
ANGLES THEOREM

If two parallel lines are cut

by a transversal, then each
pair of alternate exterior REMEMBER
angles is congruent.
TRANSVERSAL LINES

SAME SIDE EXTERIOR

ANGLES THEOREM

If a transversal intersects
two parallel lines, each pair
of same-side interior angles
are supplementary (their
sum is 180°).
TRANSVERSAL LINES
VERTICAL ANGLE
THEOREM

Vertical angles theorem or vertically

opposite angles theorem states that two
opposite vertical angles formed when two
lines intersect each other are always equal
(congruent) to each other.

When two lines intersect, four 

angles are formed. There are two
pairs of nonadjacent angles.
These pairs are called vertical
angles.
TRANSVERSAL LINES Name the pair/s of same
side interior angles.
Let Us Try Name the pair/s of
1. ∠ 4 & ∠5
2. ∠3 & ∠6
corresponding angles.
1. ∠1 & ∠5
2. ∠4 & ∠8
3. ∠2 & ∠6 Name the pair/s of same
4. ∠3 & ∠7 side exterior angles.
1. ∠ 1 & ∠8
Name the pair/s of 2. ∠2 & ∠7
alternate exterior angles.

1. ∠1 & ∠7
2. ∠2 & ∠8 Name the vertical angles.
1. ∠ 1 & ∠3
2. ∠2 & ∠4
Name the pair/s of
3. ∠5 & ∠7
alternate interior angles.
4. ∠6 & ∠8
1. ∠ 4 & ∠6
2. ∠3 & ∠5
 TRANSVERSAL LINES
Let Us Try Now With Angle
In Measurements
the following diagram, two parallel
lines are cut by a transversal. What is The two angles are Corresponding Step 4: Substitute the value of x.
the value of 𝑥? angles.
Step 1: Equate the two given angles.

Step 2: Combine Similar Terms.

Step 3: Solve for x

Therefore, the two corresponding
° angles are congruent.
 TRANSVERSAL LINES
Let Us Try Now With Angle
In Measurements
the following diagram, two parallel The two angles are Alternate Exterior
lines are cut by a transversal. What is Angles Step 4: Substitute the value of x.
the value of 𝑥? Step 1: Equate the two given angles.

140
Step 2: Combine Similar Terms.

Step 3: Solve for x

( Therefore, the alternate exterior

20° angles are congruent.
 TRANSVERSAL LINES
Given
Let Us Try Now With Angle
Measurements
In the following diagram, two parallel
The two angles are Alternate Interior
lines are cut by a transversal. What is
Angles
the value of 𝑥? Step 1: Equate the two given angles.
Step 4: Substitute the value of x.

Step 2: Combine Similar Terms.

60

Therefore, the two alternate interior

Step 3: Solve for x
angles are congruent.

°
 TRANSVERSAL LINES
Let Us Try Now With Angle
Measurements
In the following diagram, two parallel
lines are cut by a transversal. What is The two angles are Same Side Step 4: Substitute the value of x.
the value of 𝑥? Interior Angles.
Step 1: Equate the two given angles.

Step 2: Combine Similar Terms. 28

Step 3: Solve for x

Therefore, the same side interior
angles are congruent.
°
 Quiz Time !!! Part II.

Identify what is ask in the given sentences.

Ready? 1. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal,
then each pair of corresponding angles is
Part I.
congruent.
In the following diagram, two parallel lines are cut 2. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines,
by a transversal. What is the value of 𝑥? each pair of same-side interior angles are 
supplementary (their sum is 180°).
1. 2. 3. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal,
then each pair of alternate exterior angles is
congruent.
4. In a plane, through any point not on a given
line only new one line can be drawn parallel to
3. . the original one.”
4.
5. If there is a line and a point not on the line,
then there is exactly one line through the point
perpendicular to the given line.