By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• describe how forces deform objects

• identify four different types of force that can act on an object

• discuss the mechanical properties of different materials

Vocabulary

deformation elastic inelastic

stretched tensile compressed

bent twisted torsional

Discuss: What happens to the golf ball when it is hit
with the golf club?

When a force is applied to a ball the ball deforms.

Discuss: What happens to the golf ball after the
impact?

After the force is removed, the golf ball returns to its

original shape
Discuss: What happens to the car when it hits the
wall?

When the car collides with the wall, it deforms.

Discuss: What happens to the car after the impact?

After the force is removed, the car does not return to its

original shape
What is deformation?

• In physics, deformation refers to a change in size or shape of an

object due to an applied force.
What are the types of deformation
Forces acting on a
solid

Deformation

Inelastic
Elastic
(less springy)
Task 1: Tick the correct type of deformation shown in
each picture.

a) b) c) d) e)
☐ Elastic ☐ Elastic ☐ Elastic ☐ Elastic ☐ Elastic
☐ Inelastic ☐ Inelastic ☐ Inelastic ☐ Inelastic ☐ Inelastic
Task 1: Tick the correct type of deformation shown in
each picture.

a) b) c) d) e)
☐ Elastic ☐ Elastic ☐ Elastic ☐ Elastic ☐ Elastic
☐ Inelastic ☐ Inelastic ☐ Inelastic ☐ Inelastic ☐ Inelastic
What does force do to objects?

Forces can change the size and shape of an

object.

• Forces can stretch.

• Force can compress.
• Force can bend.
• Force can twist.
Stretch (Tensile Forces)

Forces that stretch are called tensile forces.

Tensile forces stretch an object by pulling it apart.

Discuss: What happens when you apply a larger
tensile force?

• The larger the force the more the object stretches.

Compressed (Compressive Forces)

• Forces that compress are called compressive forces.

• Compressive forces compress an object by pushing it together.

Discuss: What happens when you apply a larger
compressive force?

• The larger the compressive force, the more the object is

compressed.
Bent (Bending Forces)

• Bending is a combination of compressive and tensile forces.

Applied force

Compressive forces
compress the material
near the top.

Tensile forces stretch

the material near the
bottom.
Twist ( Torsional Forces)

• Forces that twist are called torsional forces.

• The two ends of the material rotate in opposite directions.

Task 2: Drag the labels to the correct location on the table.

a b c Twisted

The forces pull

the object d e f
apart.
Task 2: Drag the labels to the correct location on the table.

a
Stretched b
Compressed c
Bent Twisted

The force
The forces The force
The forces pull rotates the
pushdthe e the
combines f in
the object object
object effects of push
apart. opposite
together. and pull.
directions.
Task 3: Tick the correct deformation shown in the picture.

The towel is: The lemon is: The band is: The strings are:
☐ Stretched ☐ Stretched ☐ Stretched ☐ Stretched
☐ Compressed ☐ Compressed ☐ Compressed ☐ Compressed
☐ Bent ☐ Bent ☐ Bent ☐ Bent
☐ Twisted ☐ Twisted ☐ Twisted ☐ Twisted
Task 3: Tick the correct deformation shown in the picture.

The towel is: The lemon is: The band is: The strings are:
☐ Stretched ☐ Stretched ☐ Stretched ☐ Stretched
☐ Compressed ☐ Compressed ☐ Compressed ☐ Compressed
☐ Bent ☐ Bent ☐ Bent ☐ Bent
☐ Twisted ☐ Twisted ☐ Twisted ☐ Twisted
Discuss: Which object is stronger?

• Take a piece of string and a strip of paper and pull them apart.

• Explain your answer.

Discuss: Which object is stronger?

• Take a piece of string and a strip of paper and pull them apart.

• The piece of string can withstand a greater force without breaking.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• identify four different types of force that can act on an object

• understand the impact of different forces on an aircraft.

Vocabulary

Deform Compress Stretch

Bend Twist
This object is being:

A. Stretched

B. Compressed

C. Bent

D. Twisted
This object is being:

A. Stretched

B. Compressed

C. Bent

D. Twisted
This object is being:

A. Stretched

B. Compressed

C. Bent

D. Twisted
This object is being:

A. Stretched

B. Compressed

C. Bent

D. Twisted
What does force do to objects?

Forces can change the size and shape of an

object.

• Tensile forces can stretch objects.

• Compressive forces can compress objects.

• A combination of tensile and compressive

forces can bend objects.

• Torsional forces can twist objects.

What force(s) causes twisting?

A. Torsional

B. Compressive

C. Tensile

D. Compressive & Tensile

What force(s) causes bending?

A. Torsional

B. Compressive

C. Tensile

D. Compressive & Tensile

What force(s) causes compression?

A. Torsional

B. Compressive

C. Tensile

D. Compressive & Tensile

What force(s) causes stretching?

A. Torsional

B. Compressive

C. Tensile

D. Compressive & Tensile

When an aircraft is in flight, it is subjected to many different forces.
The structural components of the aircraft have to be designed to
withstand these forces.
Discuss: What force are the landing gears subjected to?
Discuss: What force are the landing gears subjected
to?

compression
(compressive forces)
Discuss: What force are the wings subjected to?

bending
(compressive and tensile forces)
Discuss: What force are the wings subjected to?

Compressive forces (upper wing)

tensile forces (lower wing)

bending
(compressive and tensile forces)
Discuss: Why is it important to test the wings?

• to make sure that the wing

structure is strong enough to
handle these forces in actual
flight.

• https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=TH9k9fWaFrs