LESSON 2:

LIFE CYCLE OF
HUMANS
ANIMAL AND
PLANT
 • Described the stages in the
development of a human
being

• Described examples of life

Objective cycle in plants and animals

• Different the life cycles of

animals and plants

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 Questions:
Have you seen your photographs when you
were a baby? What changes have you
noted in your appearance? From the time
you were a baby, you have passed through
many stages of development.

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 TOPIC 1:
HUMAN FERTILIZATION
A new human begins to develop if sperm and egg cell unite in the
process called FERTILIZATION . In human this process called
CONCEPTION. The time between fertilization and birth is called
PREGNANCY. In human pregnancy lasts about 280 days or nine
months . During that time a single cell, the fertilized egg , changes into a
complex living things made up of billions of cells .

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 HUMAN FERTILIZATION
Fertilization of human egg usually takes place in the FALLOPIAN TUBE.
One sperm fertilizes the egg. Then a new membrane forms around the outside of
the egg. This membrane prevents other sperm from entering the egg. The
fertilized egg is called ZYGOTE.
As it moves from the fallopian tube to the uterus, the zygote begins to divide by
mitosis. It forms a hallow ball of cells. About 10 days after fertilization, this
ball of cells attaches to the linings of the uterus. The cells in the hallow ball
continue to divide.

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 Topic 2
HUMAN FETUS DEVELOPMENT
From about the third week of development until the end of the second months,
the development organism is called an EMBRYO. The embryo s attached to the
uterus by a special structure called the PLACENTA. A placenta is a special structure
through which materials can pass between the embryo and the mother. The placenta
has many blood vessels that are part of the embryo's blood supply. The mother's
blood comes very close to the blood vessels of the embryo. However, the blood from
the mother and the embryo do not mix. Nutrients and oxygen diffuse the mother's
blood to the embryo's blood. Carbon dioxide and other wastes diffuse from the blood
of the embryo into the mother's blood.

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 HUMAN FETUS DEVELOPMENT
The UMBILICAL CORD is a ropelike structure containing
blood vessels that connects the embryo to the placenta. The embryo
is surrounded by a clear membrane called the AMNION. The
amnion forms a sac containing a fluid that cushions the embryo.
During the embryo stage, all the major body systems begin to form.
From the beginning of the third month until birth, the developing
baby is called FETUS. After 11 weeks, arms and legs are well
developed. Facial features, such as the eyes, have also formed. The
fetus is about 7 cm long at this time.

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 HUMAN FETUS DEVELOPMENT
By 16 weeks of age, the fetus begins to move actively.
These movements can be felt by the mother. The heartbeat
can be heard by the stethoscope. The fetus is about 20 c at
this long time. During the last three months of
development, the fetus grows quickly.

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 Topic 3
BIRTH
The third stage of labor occurs shortly after the baby is born.
More contractions of the uterus force the placenta and the amnion out
of the mother's body. This mass of tissue is called afterbirth.
Release of the afterbirth is the end of the labor.
Changes in the mother's body continue after the birth of the baby.
Hormones cause milk to be formed in the breasts. The baby can feed
on this milk by nursing.

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 Topic 3
BIRTH
The first stage of labor usually lasts about 10 to 12 hours. During this time,
contractions push the baby toward the cervix. The cervix dilates or opens wider.
During the second stage of labor, the baby emerges. At this point, the
contractions of the uterus become stronger and last longer. The baby is usually
born head first. When the baby is born, the umbilical cord is still attached to the
placenta inside the uterus. The cord is clamped and cut so that the baby does not
lose blood from the blood vessels inside the cord.

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Life Cycle of Humans: Stages of Human
Growth and Development
 1. Fertilization - Union of egg cell and sperm cell
The process of human development begins with the process known as PRENATAL
DEVELOPMENT. It begins with the union of egg cell and sperm cell in the process called
FERTILIZATION, or CONCEPTION. The chromosomes of the egg cell combine with the
chromosomes of the sperm cell to form a new cell called ZYGOTE. The zygote, which
contains a combination of genetic material from both parents, develops into the embryo.
The embryo then develops embryonic and extra embryonic tissues which will later form the
fetal membranes and the placenta. Embryo is the term used for the developing organism
from the third week of development until the end of the second month, fetus is the term
used for the developing organism from the beginning of third month to birth. The amnion is
a membrane that surrounds the developing organism, it contains a clear fluid that cushions
the growing organism. The PLACENTA is a structure through which materials are
exchanged between blood of the fetus and that of the mother. The UMBILICAL CORD
umbilical cord attaches the fetus to the placenta; blood vessels inside the cord transport
materials to and from the placenta.

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 2. Birth the release of the baby from the womb or uterus to
the outside word
During the first stage of labor, contractions of the uterus push
the baby towards the cervix, the cervix dilates, during the second
stage the baby emerges, and the umbilical cord is cut; during the
third stage, the placenta and the amnion is forced outside of the
mother's body by contractions of the uterus.

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 3. Infancy or Babyhood
After birth, the human undergoes different stages of physical growth
and development. The different stages are Infancy and Babyhood Stage,
Early Childhood Stage, Late Childhood Stage, the Adolescence Stage, the
Early Adulthood Stage and the Old Age Stage.
Infancy and Babyhood Stage is the stage from birth to 2 This
stage marks the rapid physical growth. It is considered as one of
the most years of remarkable and busiest times of development.
Physical growth occurs rapidly during the first two years of life.
Development occurs in gross and fine motor, language, emotional
and temperament.

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 4. Early and Later Childhood
Early Childhood Stage happens from two up to 6 years of age. Healthy
children at this stage exhibit important growth and development in various
areas such as social and emotional, language and communication, movement
and physical, and cognitive.
The Late Childhood Stage happens from six up to twelve years of age.
Physical development is slow and steady in this stage. The child gains greater
control over his body. In terms of social development, the child's relationship
changes towards others and the child will generally have multiple, social
contacts outside the family. Emotionally, the child controls and understands his
emotions and becomes skilled in expressing his emotions. Most of the child’s
cognitive development takes place in school as the brain continues to develop .

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 . 5. Adolescence
The adolescence Stage happens from thirteen up to nineteen years of age. This stage is
considered as the transition stage between childhood and adulthood stage. Sex maturation
and rapid physical development happen in this stage. Boys begin to show secondary
sexual traits such as deeper voice due to thickened vocal cords, increased growth of hair
on the face, chest, armpits and pubic regions. Some parts of the body may have more
muscles and fats. Inside the body of the male, the testes enlarge and produce sperms.
Among females, secondary characteristics include enlargement of the breast, development
of hair in armpits and pubic area, and the menstrual cycle. The female is able to produce
an egg one at a time in the 28 day cycle. Every month there are changes in the uterus to
prepare for the fertilization of the egg and pregnancy when the egg is fertilized. This
includes the thickening of the uterine walls due to an increase of the female hormones.
When an egg is not fertilized, it is released with the lining of the uterus as menstruation
which occurs for about three to seven days. Then another cycle begins.

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 5. Adolescence
Many women suffer from discomforts a few days before and during
menstruation. Headaches, sleeping problems, irritability and anxiety,
tenderness of the breast and even depression may be felt. These symptoms
are pre- menstrual syndrome. Regular exercise and eating balance diet may
reduce these discomfort. Tumor may occur in the uterus, ovarian and
cervical cancers are possible disorders of the female reproductive organs..

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 6. Early Adulthood
Early Adulthood Stage happens from nineteen to forty years. This stage
of life generally consists of leaving home, completing education, beginning
full- time work, attaining financial independence, establishing a long-tern
intimate relationship and starting a family.

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 7. Middle Age
The Middle Age Stage happens between the ages forty and above up to
sixty-five. This stage in life is the transition stage and physical adjustment
stage. An individual may experience decline in physical and mental
capabilities.

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 8. Old Age
Old Age Stage happens from sixty-five to death. In this stage, an
individual could experience rapid physical and mental decline as well as
psychological and physical illness.

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 9.Death

This is the physical condition of the body when all the organs do not
anymore function to continue life. This is sometimes called cellular or
organ death. This state may not always happen after old age. Some people
die young.

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 Life Cycles of Butterfly, Mosquito and Frog

Metamorphosis is the series of changes undergone in form by animals

from egg to adult.

1. Metamorphosis in Mosquitoes- Mosquitoes lay eggs that hatch in water to

become the larva can grow known as wrigglers. Even with small amount of
water, the larvae can grow.Eventually it becomes a pupa with an outer covering
or a cocoon. Inside the cocoon, the larva reorganizes to produce the parts of an
adult. The adult then emerges from the pupal stage when the cocoon breaks.
Mosquitoes need water and land as habitat to continue their life cycle
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 Life Cycles of Butterfly, Mosquito and Frog

2. Metamorphosis in Butterflies
The butterflies lay eggs in the underside of lower surface of leaves of some
plants that are preferred food like calamansi and "gabi." The caterpillar or larva
hatches from the eggs. It is wormlike and feeds voraciously on the leaves as it
grows in size. Sometimes these would eat almost all the leaves of a plant. The
next stage is pupa which is covered by a cocoon. At this stage, the pupa does not
move. Inside the cocoon, the larva reorganizes to produce parts of an adult
Then the cocoon finally breaks releasing the adult butterfly. Many butterflies
have colorful wings that flutter at early morning from one flower to another.
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 Life Cycles of Butterfly, Mosquito and Frog

3. Metamorphosis in Frogs
On the other hand, the female frog lay jelly-coated eggs in water
which fertilized externally by sperm released by male adult frogs. Black
tadpoles hatch from the egg. The tadpoles appear fishlike and later
develop legs and external gills. After about three months, the gills are
replaced by lungs and the young frog emerges and moves to land.

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 Life Cycle of Flowering Plant

• The life cycle of a flowering plant starts when the adult plant produces a flower.
The flower has pistils that are involved in the development of egg cells. The
stamen of the flower produces pollen grains that contain sperm cells. The pollen
grains are transferred from the anther of the stamen to the stigma of the pistil by
insects and other pollinating agents. Fertilization of an egg cell by the sperm
cell occurs in the ovule of the ovary. The ovules develop into mature seeds and
the ovary grows into a fruit. The seeds inside the fruit can become a new plant.
• Seeds from parent plants are scattered or dispersed by animals, wind and water.
Mature seeds germinate when favorable conditions are present such as water,
proper temperature and nutrients. The young plant grows to become a mature
plant.
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 REPORTER:

Thank you JUDINIA BARITOS

BEED III DAY