Cellular

Reproduction
SCIENCE 8 FOURTH QUARTER MODULE 2
Animal Cell
Chromosome
Structure of the Chromosome
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle
-the chromosomes of a cell change form as
the cell transitions from one stage to
another in a typical cell cycle.
The cell cycle may be divided into two
stages: the interphase where the
chromosomes are long and extended and
are also referred to as chromatin, and the
cell division phase where the
chromosomes become condensed or
thickened. The interphase refers to the
period that follows one cell division and
precedes another.
Cell Cycle
This stage is divided into three
substages. The first gap period or G1,
during which time the cell grows
initially. The middle stage is called
the synthesis stage or S1 is the
period of DNA synthesis or
replication where chromosomes are
duplicated. The second gap period or
G2 represents a period of rapid cell
growth to prepare for cell division.
Cell Cycle
1. First gap period or G1 where
• Cell grows initially
• Synthesis of protein and ribonucleic acid or RNA
occurs
• Mitochondria increase in number
2. Synthesis stage or S phase where
• DNA are synthesized thus replicating the
chromosomes in preparation for the next cell
division.
3. Second gap period or G2 where
• Cell grows rapidly
• Cell prepares for the actual cell division
Cell Division
- the process by which a single
parent cell splits to form new
cells, known as daughter cells.

• Mitosis - the process

of making new body
Two Types cells.
of Cell • Meiosis - is the type
Division: of cell division that
creates egg and
sperm cells.
Mitosis Vs Meiosis
Mitosis
It is a cellular process wherein two
nuclei and two cells are produced
due to the division of the original
nucleus, each of which contains
the same chromosome number as
the parent cell.
Mitosis is divided into four stages:
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
Prophase
• The repeated coiling of
chromosomes occurs resulted to its
thicker and shorter structure.
• These are made up of two sister
chromatids that are identical to each
because of the replication of DNA
during the S phase.
• The two chromatids are still attached
at the centromere.
• The nuclear membrane breaks down.
Metaphase
• Chromosomes align at the
equatorial plane.
• Each spindle fiber from
both centrosomes
connects to each
chromosome through its
kinetochore.
Anaphase
• Spindle fibers begin to
contract and become
shorter. Continued
contraction causes the
separation of the genetically
identical sister chromatids.
• Centromeres divide.
• The single chromatids move
towards the opposite poles.
Telophase
• The chromosomes are now at the
opposing poles of the spindle.
• The microtubules disappear.
• Two sets of chromosomes are
surrounded by new nuclear
membranes, completing the
nuclear division process known as
karyokinesis.
• Cytoplasmic division called
cytokinesis occurs concurrently,
splitting the cell into two.
What happens after
Telophase?
• Two new nuclear
membranes are formed, and
two new nuclei are seen.
• There are two new daughter
cells that are produced from
one dividing parent cell.
Thus, mitosis has come to an
end.
 Meiosis
-it is a special type of cell division
where a sex cell (egg cell or sperm
cell) or gamete undergoes two
rounds of cell division to produce
four daughter cells (meiosis I and
meiosis II), each with half the
chromosome number (HAPLOID)
as the original parent cell with a
unique set of genetic materials as
a result of exchange of
chromosome segments.
Meiosis I is consist of Four Stages:
•Prophase I
•Metaphase I
•Anaphase I
•Telophase I
Prophase I
The chromosomes in this phase begin to
pair off as homologous or exact pair. The
chromosome contract due to repeated
coiling. Crossing-over takes place during
this stage when a segment of a sister
chromatid of one chromosome is
exchanged with the same segment of the
sister chromatid of the homologous
chromosome through the formation of a
cross-linkage of segments during the
process of crossing over.
Prophase I Substages
Substage 1: Leptotene
Substage 2: Zygotene
Substage 3: Pachytene
Substage 4: Diplotene
Substage 5: Diakinesis
Prophase I Substages
Substage 1: Leptotene
• Each chromosome is made up
of sister chromatids. These are
long threadlike structures
which result from the
replication of DNA during the
Synthesis or S phase of the cell
cycle.
Prophase I Substages
Substage 2: Zygotene
• The homologous chromosomes
start to pair off through the
process known as synapsis.
Pairs of chromosomes that are
similar in size and shape are
called homologous
chromosomes or tetrads.
Prophase I Substages
Substage 3: Pachytene
The chromosomes contract due to repeated
coiling. Crossing overtakes place during this
stage where a segment of a sister chromatid
of one chromosome is exchanged with the
same segment of the sister chromatid of the
homologous chromosome through the
formation of a cross-linkage of the segments
called a chiasma. After crossing over, the
sister chromatids of each chromosome may
no longer be identical with each other based
on the genetic material they contain.
Prophase I Substages
Substage 4: Diplotene
• The chromosomes begin to
uncoil.
Prophase I Substages
Substage 4: Diakinesis
• The paired chromosomes
disperse in the nucleus.
Metaphase I
The paired chromosomes arranged
themselves in the equatorial plate.
Anaphase I
Spindle fibers form and attach to the
centromeres of the chromosomes. The
homologous chromosomes separate
from each other completely and start
their movement towards the poles of
the cells as they are pulled by the
spindle fibers. As the centromere of
each chromosome does not divide,
the sister chromatids remain together.
Telophase I
This is the stage when the
chromosomes reach their
respective poles. Cytokinesis
follows and two daughter cells are
formed. Each cell now has half the
chromosome number because
only one chromosome from each
pair goes to the daughter cell
Meiosis II is consist
of Four Stages:

• Prophase II
• Metaphase II
• Anaphase II
• Telophase II
Meiosis II
• The second meiotic division, also
known as meiosis II, is mitotic in
nature and consist of the
following stages: prophase II,
metaphase II, anaphase II and
telophase II; these stages are
identical with mitotic stages. The
results are four cells, two from
each daughter cell from meiosis
I, with one half the diploid
chromosome number and with
only one sister chromatid for
each chromosome.