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So far we have been given functions to differentiate. It is also possible to find out what functions need to
be differentiated to yield the given output. The following set-up explains this:
It is clear from the table that the answer to the question:” What needs to be differentiated to get is
We say is the anti-derivative or integral of and write . It should be clear from above that
By definition,
Integration Rules
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
𝑥 𝑛 +1
∫ 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = ¿
𝑛+1
+ 𝐶 ,𝑛 ≠ −1 ¿
Solution
2.
Solution
3.
Solution: We know from that
U-substitution:
Solution
Let
𝑑𝑢
2. 𝑑𝑥 𝑢4
Let
1 𝑑𝑢
9 𝑑𝑥 𝑢5
U-substitution versus
Compare:
Solution
Let
𝑛+1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)[ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ] 𝑛 [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )]
+𝑐
𝑛+1
2.
Let 2.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ] 𝑛
U-substitution versus
1
dx
3.∫
Let . Then
dx
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ]𝑛
¿
𝑑𝑢
𝑢−5
𝑑𝑥
√𝑥¿¿
Integration of Trigonometric functions: If you want to use u-substitution, let
Rules
3.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 (𝑥 )
4.
Examples: Determine
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥)]
𝑛
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 5.
2.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑓 (𝑥 )
Integration of Trigonometric functions: If you want to use u-substitution, let
Rules
cos+c
𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 (𝑥 )
2.
Let . Then
Determine:
cos+c 1 𝑑𝑢 −
1
2
6 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
1 1
1 𝑑𝑢
− 1 −2 1
1 ¿∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥= ∫ 𝑢 du= √ 𝑢+𝑐
2
3 6 𝑑𝑥 6 3
𝑥 cos+c
𝑓 ′(𝑥) −
1
2
[ 𝑓 ( 𝑥) ]
Integrals involving exponential and logarithmic functions
Rules
1. . Then
𝑓 ′(𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑓 (𝑥 )
Integrals involving exponential and logarithmic functions
4. . Let Then
1
′
𝑓 (𝑥) [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥) ]
−
2
5.
Integrals involving exponential and logarithmic functions
4. . Let Then
5. .
Alternative solution
6.
Definite integrals
If .
Examples
1. [
2. ln2)
3. [0.96251 0.57853]=0.013
Application of integration: Area between curves
Definition:
If positive .
𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
𝑏
𝐴=∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
If positive .
𝑎 𝑏
𝑏
𝐴=−∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
Area between two curves: Examples
Determine the area between the curve and the positive
1. , ]
Solution
((
−𝜋 𝜋
2
𝑦 𝑦 =3 𝑥 Horizontal representative rectangle:
𝑦 =𝑥
∆𝑥 𝑥
Area between two curves: Examples
3.
Remember you use normal methods of drawing a parabola in order to draw . To draw , note that Use
coordinates: The independent variables are in red.
-2 0 1 2 5 2 1 2 5
9 4 1 0 1 0 1 2
𝑦 =√ 𝑥 −1
Vertical representative rectangle:
∆𝑦
∆𝑥
𝑥
Area between two curves: Examples
4. To determine the shaded area, one can imagine it to be made up of vertical or horizontal rectangles
Note:
Numerical integration: Simpson’s Rule
pC
2+
[2A
𝑎 𝑏
)
Simpson’s Rule
pC
𝑎 𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥) Suppose an interval [a,b] under a function into 2 sub-
intervals [
The region under the curve within the interval [a,b] can
be estimated by a relevant parabola.
2 sub-intervals
]
]
𝑥0 𝑥
𝑥1 𝑥32
𝑥4
𝑎 𝑏
h h h h
4 sub-intervals
]
Simpson’s Rule: Division of [a,b] into sub-intervals
1., 4 subintervals:
A B C
0 0
0.5590 0.559
2.7042 2.7042
4.47213 4.47213